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(Experience of Monocular )Tj
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(Vision in Australia )Tj
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(Abstract: )Tj
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(In-depth interviews with 20 people with )Tj
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(monocular vision identified a number of themes associated )Tj
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(with the impairment, including psychological, )Tj
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(psychosocial, physical, vocational, and daily living )Tj
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(problems. They also revealed that in many cases, these )Tj
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(problems had profound implications for people's )Tj
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(adjustment to daily living. The implications of these )Tj
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(findings for the delivery of rehabilitation services are )Tj
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(discussed. )Tj
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(People with monocular vision have no vision in one )Tj
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(eye and typical vision in the other eye, with the )Tj
T*
(consequent loss of binocular depth perception and a )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(reduced field of vision. Monocular vision has received )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(little attention in the disability and rehabilitation )Tj
T*
(literature, and rehabilitation professionals often )Tj
T*
(discount its economic and psychosocial consequences, )Tj
T*
(viewing it as an inconvenience, rather than as a )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(disability \(Schein, 1988\). Therefore, people with )Tj
T*
(monocular vision are unlikely to be referred for )Tj
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(rehabilitation services and thus are poorly prepared for )Tj
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(the difficulties they experience in everyday life. )Tj
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(Literature reviews have confirmed that most )Tj
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(authoritative rehabilitation textbooks do not discuss the )Tj
T*
(rehabilitation of people with monocular vision )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(\(Linberg, Tillman, & Allara, 1988; Schein, 1988\). This )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(situation has made it difficult for rehabilitation )Tj
T*
(practitioners to effectively identify and understand the )Tj
T*
(needs of people with this impairment, leaving them )Tj
T*
(poorly prepared to implement relevant rehabilitation )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(programs. It has also perpetuated the fallacy that )Tj
T*
(monocular vision is not a major disability and that )Tj
T*
(rehabilitation is unnecessary \(Schiff, 1980\). )Tj
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(In contrast, the limited research in this area has found )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(that people with monocular vision experience a range )Tj
T*
(of perceptual problems that create difficulties in )Tj
T*
(managing daily activities in such areas as mobility, )Tj
T*
(work, prospects for employment, and living skills )Tj
T*
(\(Brady, 1994; Cooper, 2000; Gilberg, 1998; McKnight, )Tj
T*
(Shinar, & Hilburn, 1991; O'Donnell & Smith, 1994; )Tj
T*
(Schein, 1988; Schiff, 1980; Servos, Goodale, & )Tj
T*
(Jakobson, 1992; Spring, 1992\). People with this )Tj
T*
(condition also experience high levels of fatigue and )Tj
T*
(susceptibility to illness and stress, resulting from the )Tj
T*
(continuous effort required to adjust to monocular )Tj
T*
(vision \(Schein, 1988\). Knoth \(1995\) reported that )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(students with monocular vision commonly experience )Tj
T*
(difficulty reading and studying that affects both their )Tj
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(educational performance and their physical and )Tj
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(emotional well-being. )Tj
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(One area that has received little attention is the )Tj
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(psychological and psychosocial sequelae of monocular )Tj
T*
(vision. Brady \(1994\) found that people with this )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(impairment experience a range of emotional reactions )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(to their condition, ranging from "What is the use of )Tj
T*
(living?" to "I hardly noticed the difference" \(p. 17\). )Tj
T*
(Guilt and depression are commonly associated with )Tj
T*
(monocular vision when people believe that the )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(disability is "divine punishment" for past sins. By )Tj
T*
(overcompensating for the condition, people may place )Tj
T*
(themselves under such a high level of prolonged stress )Tj
T*
(that psychiatric help may be needed \(Schein, 1988\). )Tj
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(Emotional responses are often exacerbated by feelings )Tj
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(of the loss of normality because of changes in cosmetic )Tj
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(appearance, the lack of understanding of the condition, )Tj
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(and anxiety related to the fear of total blindness, and )Tj
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(the subsequent overprotection of the good eye. )Tj
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(Posttraumatic personality changes resulting from the )Tj
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(underlying stress associated with adjusting to )Tj
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(monocular vision have also been reported \(Schein, )Tj
T*
(1988\). Family issues can compound these problems, )Tj
T*
(particularly when friends and relatives do not fully )Tj
T*
(understand the impact of monocular vision on the )Tj
T*
(individual. Given that the lack of psychosocial )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(adjustment is one of the most significant barriers to )Tj
T*
(achieving positive rehabilitation outcomes \(Putman & )Tj
T*
(Adams, 1992\), this is an important area for service )Tj
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(providers. )Tj
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(Monocular vision has received little attention in )Tj
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(Australia. Statistics on its incidence are unavailable, )Tj
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(few formal rehabilitation programs exist to address the )Tj
T*
(specific needs of this group, and people with this )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(condition are seldom referred for rehabilitation )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(services. In addition, information on the functional )Tj
T*
(implications of monocular vision is rarely made )Tj
T*
(available in the immediate postoperative period by )Tj
T*
(nursing or medical staff. When they are discharged )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(from the hospital, people with monocular vision )Tj
T*
(receive only limited support from community )Tj
T*
(rehabilitation services, and rehabilitation practitioners )Tj
T*
(often have only limited knowledge of the impact of )Tj
T*
(this impairment. )Tj
0 -2.399 TD
(In summary, monocular vision has received little )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(attention in the rehabilitation literature or formal )Tj
T*
(service delivery mechanisms despite its significant )Tj
T*
(impact on peoples' lives. The study presented here )Tj
T*
(attempted to redress the lack of knowledge in this area )Tj
T*
(by addressing the following research question: What )Tj
T*
(problems do people identify as having arisen from their )Tj
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(experience of having monocular vision? )Tj
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(Method )Tj
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(Participants )Tj
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(The participants were 20 people with monocular )Tj
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(vision, 10 men and 10 women \(for the characteristics )Tj
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(of the participants, see )Tj
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(Table 1)Tj
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(\). Most participants \(16\) )Tj
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(Queensland, a large provider of rehabilitation services )Tj
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(for people with visual impairments. The remaining 4 )Tj
T*
(participants were recruited through informal contacts. )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(No predetermined number of participants was selected )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(in advance for the study. Instead, new participants )Tj
T*
(were recruited until no new data were forthcoming. )Tj
0 -2.399 TD
(The participants ranged in age from 22 to 77, with a )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(mean of 47 years. Age 18 was chosen as the minimum )Tj
T*
(age for participation because one focus of the study )Tj
T*
(was the impact of monocular vision on past, current, )Tj
T*
(and future employment. The age of onset of monocular )Tj
T*
(vision ranged from birth to 74, with a mean of 36 )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(years. The most common cause of monocular vision )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(was eye trauma; only 1 participant had congenital )Tj
T*
(monocular vision, which resulted from cataracts. Of )Tj
T*
(the 20 participants, 16 had no vision in the affected )Tj
T*
(eye, and 4 retained a minimal level of light perception )Tj
T*
(in this eye. People with amblyopia were not included )Tj
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(experienced cosmetic changes as a result of losing the )Tj
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(Pauline, who needed cosmetic surgery to restore her )Tj
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(I had to undergo a number of cosmetic interventions to )Tj
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(pressures of my management job. I felt depressed all the )Tj
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(monocular vision was extremely tiring. As Bev put it: )Tj
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(The problem is getting worse as I get older. I feel tired, )Tj
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(lanes when driving. )Tj
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(Vocational problems )Tj
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(Vocational problems included the impact of monocular )Tj
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(vision on current employment and career goals, as well )Tj
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(as reduced income resulting from the loss or change of )Tj
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(employment. The loss of depth perception greatly )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(affected the participants' ability to perform many job-)Tj
T*
(related tasks, particularly in the trades area, such as )Tj
T*
(using power tools and accurately measuring and )Tj
T*
(cutting materials. It was also a safety issue in that the )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(negotiation of crowded workshop environments was )Tj
T*
(difficult and dangerous. Of the 20 participants, 9 )Tj
T*
(reported changing their careers as a result of their )Tj
T*
(monocular vision. As Frank said: "I was forced to stop )Tj
T*
(working as a truck driver and had to take up farming to )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(cope with life. I had difficulty driving a truck with one )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(eye." Greg, who lost his sight in the left eye as a result )Tj
T*
(of a flying piece of metal, was not able to return to his )Tj
T*
(job as an automobile body repairer because of )Tj
T*
(difficulties associated with performing certain tasks. )Tj
T*
(He stated: "I can't return to work. I have problems with )Tj
T*
(walking safely in the shop with my vision. . . . I can't )Tj
T*
(hit the chisel with the hammer to prepare metal parts )Tj
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(Carl, who lost his eye as a teenager, had his application )Tj
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(to enter the Air Force rejected because of monocular )Tj
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(vision. This rejection had apparently stopped him from )Tj
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(following the family tradition: )Tj
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(Yes! [I was] definitely affected. . . . [I] wanted to get into )Tj
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(the Air Force, but after I lost my eye, I wasn't accepted. . . . )Tj
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(That left me totally confused, not knowing what to do of )Tj
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(myself in relation to employment. I lost direction! . . . I )Tj
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(was not interested in anything else. )Tj
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(Sarah, who lost her eye as a child, was rejected from a )Tj
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(program in nursing studies because of her monocular )Tj
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(vision. As she noted: )Tj
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(I wanted to be a nurse, and my mother talked to the nurse )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(in charge, seeking information about what I had to do, and )Tj
T*
([the nurse] said that I wouldn't be allowed because I had )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(vision in only one eye. )Tj
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(Many participants reported that their career difficulties )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(did not seem to be understood by most vocational )Tj
T*
(rehabilitation professionals. Karen stated: )Tj
15.4 0 0 15.4 192.2 249.738 Tm
(It was interesting to me as an individual. . . . On the one )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(hand, my specialist [said that I'd] be fine, and on the other )Tj
T*
(hand, my employer [made] a big deal about it. My )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(therapist assisting my return to work [made] a big deal )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(about it, and so across the board of professionals that I )Tj
T*
(dealt with . . . there was a broad range of modulated levels )Tj
T*
(of importance placed on this disability. And for me, it was )Tj
T*
(quite confusing. . . . I didn't know where to place myself. )Tj
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(The financial impact of job loss was significant. Frank, )Tj
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(unemployment benefits, which reduced his earnings by )Tj
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(almost 60%. Pauline lost her business as a result of the )Tj
T*
(range of problems associated with monocular vision. )Tj
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(Anne, a beautician, stated: )Tj
15.4 0 0 15.4 192.2 638.018 Tm
(Yes, I have been affected financially because of monocular )Tj
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(vision impairment! . . . I had to stop teaching because of )Tj
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(problems with driving at night, and I had to employ new )Tj
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(staff to assist me with fine detailed cosmetic work. . . . I )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(was also forced to charge less for jobs I could not )Tj
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(complete. )Tj
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(Coping successfully with monocular vision at work )Tj
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(was often related to the use of adaptations. For )Tj
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(example, Robert was able to cope, despite problems )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(with depth perception, by using adaptive equipment to )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(assist him with his job as a cook. )Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
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(Activities of daily living )Tj
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(Most of the participants described problems with a )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(wide range of daily activities because of monocular )Tj
T*
(vision, including driving, walking, personal grooming, )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(and performing household chores, such as cutting, )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(placing objects on benches, filling up containers, and )Tj
T*
(pouring liquids. Problems with cooking, particularly )Tj
T*
(when kitchen areas were poorly lit, were common. )Tj
0 -2.399 TD
(Difficulty judging distances or not seeing objects on )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(the affected side hampered activities like reaching, )Tj
T*
(picking up objects, shaking hands, catching balls, and )Tj
T*
(hanging out clothes. For example, Bev stated: )Tj
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(It takes me two or three tries before I can grab a pen )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(offered to me. I have developed some skills, but the )Tj
T*
(problem is still there after all these years, particularly if I )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(am tired or in a rush. I ask [people] to place things in my )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(hand to solve the problem, but it is still happening after )Tj
T*
(three years; it has not improved. )Tj
18.2 0 0 18.2 152.2 618.4422 Tm
(The participants also reported problems with personal )Tj
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(grooming, particularly when applying makeup, )Tj
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(inserting eyedrops, shaving, and putting toothpaste on )Tj
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(a toothbrush. As Pauline put it: )Tj
15.4 0 0 15.4 192.2 507.138 Tm
(My eye doesn't focus properly; the eyelid has dropped, and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(it is hard to apply mascara on the [eyelash of the] good eye )Tj
T*
(when the other eye is damaged. I have difficulty applying )Tj
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(eyedrops or putting eye shadow on the eyelid of my good )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(eye because I can't see anything when I close the good eye. )Tj
18.2 0 0 18.2 152.2 391.4022 Tm
(All the participants reported learning skills to cope )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(with these problems over time. For example, Jane )Tj
T*
(learned to cope better with pouring: "I learned to touch )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(the glass with the jug spout, and after that, pouring was )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(easy. I don't know how I do it, but it's not a problem; I )Tj
T*
(have never overfilled a glass with water or juice." )Tj
0 -2.399 TD
(However, the participants also acknowledged that new )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(environments, fatigue, or time pressures compounded )Tj
T*
(their difficulties and that they constantly had to think )Tj
T*
(before doing anything. Bev stated: )Tj
15.4 0 0 15.4 192.2 118.138 Tm
(If I'm tired, I feel as if my affected side was death and that )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(everything is harder to handle. . . . If I don't sleep, things )Tj
T*
(get worse; the lack of sleep affects my performance. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Problems never change. I have learned to live with them, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(but they always come back if I am in a new environment )Tj
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(or if I am tired. )Tj
18.2 0 0 18.2 152.2 710.8422 Tm
(Driving was a major problem for most participants. )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(Difficult activities included accurately judging )Tj
T*
(distances between a car and other objects; backing up )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(into a parking space; overtaking other cars; managing )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(oncoming traffic; negotiating narrow roads; turning )Tj
T*
(corners; coping with glare; and driving in the rain, at )Tj
T*
(night, or at dawn. Loss of confidence with driving was )Tj
T*
(common, particularly when the participants were in )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(unfamiliar environments or driving unfamiliar cars. As )Tj
T*
(Pauline noted: )Tj
15.4 0 0 15.4 192.2 457.578 Tm
(I have problems driving into indoor parking lots because )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(of the reduced level of light and the narrow spaces for )Tj
T*
(driving and parking. My confidence with driving is )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(reduced, and yes, it has caused me to experience a change )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(of roles at home from being the main driver to being )Tj
T*
(driven everywhere by other members of my family. )Tj
18.2 0 0 18.2 152.2 323.3622 Tm
(These difficulties led to driving restrictions or )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(problems learning to drive. For example, Janice was )Tj
T*
(not able to obtain a driving license: "I found a total )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(lack of interest by all training schools that I approached )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(to assist me with driving lessons after I made them )Tj
T*
(aware of my monocular vision impairment." )Tj
0 -2.399 TD
(Traveling as passengers caused some participants high )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(levels of stress when the cars they were in were in )Tj
T*
(close proximity to other cars during such maneuvers as )Tj
T*
(turning, overtaking other cars, and parking. Karen )Tj
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(described how she continuously asked a driver to stop, )Tj
T*
(slow down, or keep a greater distance from the car in )Tj
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(Experience of Monocular Vision in Australia - Monocular Vision - Septemb\
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(front because it was difficult for her to know if the )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(driver was driving safely. )Tj
15.4 0 0 15.4 192.2 685.338 Tm
(I frustrated drivers by shouting at them to stop [and] watch )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(out. I arrived [at a destination] a nervous wreck. I thought )Tj
T*
(we were going to smash against a car all the time. It was )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(frightening to be a passenger [and] even worse for the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(driver. I finally had to look down for the rest of the trip to )Tj
T*
(stop this problem. )Tj
18.2 0 0 18.2 152.2 551.1222 Tm
(The participants described a range of strategies to cope )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(with driving. These strategies included slowing down; )Tj
T*
(doubling checking distances; adding mirrors to their )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(cars; and planning the time of day, the direction in )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(which to drive, and the place to park \(preferably in )Tj
T*
(open spaces\) prior to driving anywhere. The )Tj
T*
(participants also asked their passengers to check the )Tj
T*
(traffic. Driving lessons assisted some, particularly in )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(identifying the extra blind spots caused by monocular )Tj
T*
(vision. Pauline stated: )Tj
15.4 0 0 15.4 192.2 297.858 Tm
(Training and information on driving skills are important, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(particularly if the eye was lost in a car accident, plus )Tj
T*
(monocular vision problems. [There are] more blind spots )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(with monocular vision when driving a car. Cars and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(pedestrians are difficult to see on the blind side. )Tj
18.2 0 0 18.2 152.2 182.1222 Tm
(All the participants reported mobility problems, )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(including bumping into people, furniture, door frames, )Tj
T*
(and other objects, particularly in unknown )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(environments, poorly lit areas, areas with low contrast, )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(or crowded situations. Other problems included )Tj
T*
(managing stairs, especially when descending; walking )Tj
T*
(in shaded areas; managing changes in gradients and )Tj
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(Experience of Monocular Vision in Australia - Monocular Vision - Septemb\
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(Services, Griffith University, Logan Campus, )Tj
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(University Drive, Meadowbrook, Queensland 4131, )Tj
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(Australia; e-mail: <)Tj
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(n.buys@griffith.edu.au)Tj
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( )Tj
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(Jorge )Tj
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(Lopez, MHS,)Tj
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( client services, Guide Dogs Queensland, )Tj
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(P.O. Box 50, Bald Hills, QLD 4036, Australia.)Tj
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(Previous Article)Tj
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(If you would like to give us feedback, please contact us )Tj
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(gardening were some of the activities that were )Tj
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(Sports, such as tennis, cricket, baseball, and Ping-)Tj
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(Pong, that involve hand-eye coordination, speed, and )Tj
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(to continue their hobbies. Carl switched to pool and )Tj
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(fast-moving balls is required. John maintained his )Tj
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(interest in woodworking because of the psychological )Tj
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(benefits, although it took longer and it was harder for )Tj
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(Depth perception affects the woodwork; finding tools is )Tj
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(findings of this study revealed a range of )Tj
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(psychological, psychosocial, physical, vocational, and )Tj
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(daily living problems that affect many areas of life and )Tj
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(have profound consequences for people's )Tj
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(psychological and physical well-being. Although some )Tj
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(relatively typical lives, for many, the effects of the )Tj
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(impairment can be pervasive. Fear, poor self-esteem, )Tj
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(and feelings of inadequacy often contribute to )Tj
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(depression and social isolation, which are compounded )Tj
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(exertion required to manage the demands of life with )Tj
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(this condition. For some, the impact of monocular )Tj
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(jobs and businesses, the inability to pursue career )Tj
T*
(dreams, and reduced incomes. The performance of )Tj
T*
(daily activities, such as driving, mobility, grooming, )Tj
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(household chores, and hobbies and sports is also often )Tj
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(adversely affected. )Tj
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(Although the findings of this study are similar to those )Tj
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(reported in other countries, such as the United States )Tj
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(\(see, for example, Brady, 1994; Schein, 1988\), two )Tj
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(additional difficulties were identified. First, the )Tj
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(who acquired monocular vision as adults were more )Tj
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(likely to attribute functional problems to the )Tj
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(impairment. However, if they had expectations of )Tj
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(recovery from the condition and they did not recover, )Tj
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(they then tended to attribute problems to another cause, )Tj
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(such as a perceived medical or psychological )Tj
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(condition. These perceptions had an adverse impact on )Tj
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(their self-esteem and confidence, resulting in social )Tj
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(between children and adults regarding the cause of )Tj
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(functional problems and their psychosocial impact )Tj
T*
(require further investigation. )Tj
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(The second additional problem that was identified in )Tj
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(this study is the experience of people with monocular )Tj
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(vision as passengers in, not just drivers of, cars. )Tj
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(Difficulty judging distances between vehicles in which )Tj
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(they are passengers and other vehicles or )Tj
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(environmental features can lead to heightened anxiety )Tj
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(among people with monocular vision. Given )Tj
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(Australia's great reliance on automobiles as a major )Tj
T*
(form of transportation, this anxiety can be sufficient to )Tj
T*
(avoid travel, thereby contributing to further isolation. )Tj
0 -2.399 TD
(The participants in this study differed in their )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(adjustment to monocular vision, and although it is )Tj
T*
(beyond the confines of this article to explore this issue )Tj
T*
(in any depth, there appear to be some key factors that )Tj
T*
(assist with adjustment. The first key factor is the )Tj
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(enhanced when family members and friends )Tj
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(understood what the participants were going through )Tj
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(and encouraged them to remain connected with others. )Tj
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(Furthermore, managing social interactions became )Tj
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(easier when the participants were aware of the )Tj
T*
(problems associated with monocular vision. The ability )Tj
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(to explain to others the reason for their clumsiness )Tj
T*
(helped them cope with social interactions. )Tj
0 -2.399 TD
(The second key factor was the provision of accurate )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(information by physicians about the functional )Tj
T*
(implications of monocular vision. The lack of )Tj
T*
(appropriate information at the time of diagnosis or )Tj
T*
(discharge from the hospital caused the participants to )Tj
T*
(become resentful and confused because they felt they )Tj
T*
(were inadequately prepared to face the difficulties that )Tj
T*
(would arise from the impairment and were uncertain )Tj
T*
(that what they were going through was typical. This )Tj
T*
(confusion appeared to extend to family members as )Tj
T*
(well. )Tj
0 -2.399 TD
(The third key factor is the inadequacy of community-)Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(based programs, particularly in the area of vocational )Tj
T*
(rehabilitation. Anecdotal reports of the inadequacy of )Tj
T*
(vocational rehabilitation programs to address the needs )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
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(population's options for retaining jobs, retraining, and )Tj
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(On the basis of the results of this study, we can make )Tj
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(several recommendations. First, information about the )Tj
T*
(difficulties associated with monocular vision and their )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(impact on daily activities should be provided at the )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(time of diagnosis, when the possibility of losing one )Tj
T*
(eye or significant vision in one eye is identified. )Tj
T*
(Second, persons with monocular vision should be )Tj
T*
(referred to appropriate community rehabilitation )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(services on their discharge from the hospital to help )Tj
T*
(them return to daily life. Third, these services should )Tj
T*
(assist people with monocular vision and their families )Tj
T*
(to develop the coping strategies needed to manage the )Tj
T*
(effects of the impairment. In particular, rehabilitation )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(interventions need to address the vocational needs of )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(people with monocular vision through appropriate )Tj
T*
(ergonomic workplace modifications and alternative )Tj
T*
(work programs or career counseling. Fourth, the range )Tj
T*
(of problems that may be associated with monocular )Tj
T*
(vision suggests the need for an assessment tool to )Tj
T*
(assist with the development of relevant rehabilitation )Tj
T*
(programs. Finally, more support programs need to be )Tj
T*
(established to address the ongoing issues experienced )Tj
T*
(by people with monocular vision. Examples of such )Tj
T*
(programs in Australia include the Guide Dogs )Tj
T*
(Queensland Telelink/Support Group Program and the )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(Monovision Group at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear )Tj
T*
(Hospital, both of which foster the sharing of )Tj
T*
(experiences and the provision of emotional support )Tj
T*
(among members. )Tj
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(Limitations and recommendations for further )Tj
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(research )Tj
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(A significant limitation of this study was that most of )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(the participants were drawn from one rehabilitation )Tj
T*
(agency, albeit the only provider of rehabilitation )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(services to people with monocular vision in )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(Queensland. These participants may not be )Tj
T*
(representative of the wider population of people with )Tj
T*
(monocular vision, many of whom may not experience )Tj
T*
(problems associated with the condition. Unfortunately, )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(this issue is compounded by the lack of data on the )Tj
T*
(incidence and impact of monocular vision in Australia. )Tj
T*
(Another limitation was that the study included only )Tj
T*
(one person with congenital monocular vision, thereby )Tj
T*
(making it difficult to draw any conclusions about the )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(experiences of this population. Although statistics are )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(not available in Australia on the incidence of )Tj
T*
(congenital monocular vision, anecdotal evidence )Tj
T*
(suggests that this population is much smaller than that )Tj
T*
(of people with acquired monocular vision. )Tj
0 -2.399 TD
(Further research is required to determine the incidence )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(of monocular vision in Australia and to assess the level )Tj
T*
(of understanding of the condition by providers of )Tj
T*
(medical and rehabilitation services. Research is also )Tj
T*
(needed on the range of individual factors that may )Tj
T*
(affect the experience of monocular vision, such as age )Tj
0 -1.3 TD
(of onset, loss of the dominant versus the nondominant )Tj
T*
(eye, gender, and jobs held before the injury. It is hoped )Tj
T*
(that this research will help bring the needs of people )Tj
T*
(with monocular vision to the attention of governments )Tj
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