A Comparative Analysis of the OECD Anti-Corruption Models (Asia & Europe) And Australia’s Existing Anti-Corruption Platform

Abstract

Corruption is generally defined as abuse of power or authority for personal gain. Corruption can occur in any circumstance – whether in the public or private sectors, where someone acts as an agent of another person or group. Corruption is a practice that affects and occurs at all levels of society, from local and national governments, civil society, judiciary functions, and in large and small businesses. It could be argued that corruption can undermine a nation’s economy, market confidence, negatively impact on foreign investment and divert resources from essential portfolios such as education, health and social services. It distorts governmental priorities and technological choices, drives privatised firms underground and out of the formal sector, as well as causing ineffective tax collection. But it should be noted that corruption is not isolated to a particular region, but rather, can manifest and flourish in any country. The Corruption Perception Index (CPI) (2013), noted that two-thirds of the 177 countries / territories surveyed in 2012, scored below 50 on the corruption scale, indicating that there is a serious corruption problem worldwide. A country's rank indicates its position relative to the other countries and territories included in the index. As expected, the highest scores of corruption appear in countries plagued by conflict, though; corruption is still prevalent in countries with low CPI scores. Corruption in these countries is well hidden and accordingly receives a low CPI score. Fortunately, there are more opportunities to combat corruption now, than ever before. With advances in technology and heightened awareness of the impact of corruption, for both developed and developing countries, new global standards of behaviour are emerging (World Bank, 1997; OECD, 2002). Many governments have systems in place to protect public institutions against corruption, such as, meritocratic civil service and watchdogs (i.e. ombudsmen and public service commissions), (World Bank, 1997). The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2008) has recognised the need for a wider examination of existing international laws and models apparent to addressing corruption. The OECD (2008) has identified three key models utilized internationally to prevent and combat corruption. This paper will examine each of these three (3) models within the context of selected European, Asian and Australian Case studies. This comparative analysis outlines the need for countries to remain vigilant with respect to combatting corruption and to be continually seeking ways to target corruption within our communities.