Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Author(s)
Forouzanfar, Mohammad H
Alexander, Lily
Anderson, H Ross
Bachman, Victoria F
Biryukov, Stan
Brauer, Michael
Burnett, Richard
Casey, Daniel
Coates, Matthew M
Cohen, Aaron
Delwiche, Kristen
Estep, Kara
Frostad, Joseph J
Astha, KC
Kyu, Hmwe H
Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar
Ng, Marie
Slepak, Erica Leigh
Thomas, Bernadette A
Wagner, Joseph
Aasvang, Gunn Marit
Abbafati, Cristiana
Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu
Abd-Allah, Foad
Abera, Semaw F
Aboyans, Victor
Abraham, Biju
Abraham, Jerry Puthenpurakal
Abubakar, Ibrahim
Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME
Aburto, Tania C
Achoki, Tom
Adelekan, Ademola
Adofo, Koranteng
Adou, Arsene K
Adsuar, Jose C
Afshin, Ashkan
Agardh, Emilie E
Al Khabouri, Mazin J
Al Lami, Faris H
Alam, Sayed Saidul
Alasfoor, Deena
Albittar, Mohammed I
Alegretti, Miguel A
Aleman, Alicia V
Alemu, Zewdie A
Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael
Alhabib, Samia
Ali, Raghib
Ali, Mohammed K
Alla, Francois
Allebeck, Peter
Allen, Peter J
Alsharif, Ubai
Alvarez, Elena
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
Amankwaa, Adansi A
Amare, Azmeraw T
Ameh, Emmanuel A
Ameli, Omid
Amini, Heresh
Ammar, Walid
Anderson, Benjamin O
Antonio, Carl Abelardo T
Anwari, Palwasha
Cunningham, Solveig Argeseanu
Arnlov, Johan
Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic
Artaman, Al
Asghar, Rana J
Assadi, Reza
Atkins, Lydia S
Atkinson, Charles
Avila, Marco A
Awuah, Baffour
Badawi, Alaa
Bahit, Maria C
Bakfalouni, Talal
Balakrishnan, Kalpana
Balalla, Shivanthi
Balu, Ravi Kumar
Banerjee, Amitava
Barber, Ryan M
Barker-Collo, Suzanne L
Barquera, Simon
Barregard, Lars
Barrero, Lope H
Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh
Basto-Abreu, Ana C
Basu, Arindam
Basu, Sanjay
Basulaiman, Mohammed O
Ruvalcaba, Carolina Batis
Beardsley, Justin
Bedi, Neeraj
Bekele, Tolesa
Bell, Michelle L
Benjet, Corina
Bennett, Derrick A
Benzian, Habib
Bernabe, Eduardo
Beyene, Tariku J
Bhala, Neeraj
Bhalla, Ashish
Bhutta, Zulfi Qar A
Bikbov, Boris
Bin Abdulhak, Aref A
Blore, Jed D
Blyth, Fiona M
Bohensky, Megan A
Basara, Berrak Bora
Borges, Guilherme
Bornstein, Natan M
Bose, Dipan
Boufous, Soufiane
Bourne, Rupert R
Brainin, Michael
Brazinova, Alexandra
Breitborde, Nicholas J
Brenner, Hermann
Briggs, Adam DM
Broday, David M
Brooks, Peter M
Bruce, Nigel G
Brugha, Traolach S
Brunekreef, Bert
Buchbinder, Rachelle
Bui, Linh N
Bukhman, Gene
Bulloch, Andrew G
Burch, Michael
Burney, Peter GJ
Campos-Nonato, Ismael R
Campuzano, Julio C
Cantoral, Alejandra J
Caravanos, Jack
Cardenas, Rosario
Cardis, Elisabeth
Carpenter, David O
Caso, Valeria
Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A
Castro, Ruben E
Catala-Lopez, Ferran
Cavalleri, Fiorella
Cavlin, Alanur
Chadha, Vineet K
Chang, Jung-chen
Charlson, Fiona J
Chen, Honglei
Chen, Wanqing
Chen, Zhengming
Chiang, Peggy P
Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel
Chowdhury, Rajiv
Christophi, Costas A
Chuang, Ting-Wu
Chugh, Sumeet S
Cirillo, Massimo
Classen, Thomas KD
Colistro, Valentina
Colomar, Mercedes
Colquhoun, Samantha M
Contreras, Alejandra G
Cooper, Cyrus
Cooperrider, Kimberly
Cooper, Leslie T
Coresh, Josef
Courville, Karen J
Criqui, Michael H
Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia
Damsere-Derry, James
Danawi, Hadi
Dandona, Lalit
Dandona, Rakhi
Dargan, Paul I
Davis, Adrian
Davitoiu, Dragos V
Dayama, Anand
de Castro, E Filipa
De la Cruz-Gongora, Vanessa
De Leo, Diego
de Lima, Graca
Degenhardt, Louisa
del Pozo-Cruz, Borja
Dellavalle, Robert P
Deribe, Kebede
Derrett, Sarah
Jarlais, Don C Des
Dessalegn, Muluken
deVeber, Gabrielle A
Devries, Karen M
Dharmaratne, Samath D
Dherani, Mukesh K
Dicker, Daniel
Ding, Eric L
Dokova, Klara
Dorsey, E Ray
Driscoll, Tim R
Duan, Leilei
Durrani, Adnan M
Ebel, Beth E
Ellenbogen, Richard G
Elshrek, Yousef M
Endres, Matthias
Ermakov, Sergey P
Erskine, Holly E
Eshrati, Babak
Esteghamati, Alireza
Fahimi, Saman
Faraon, Emerito Jose A
Farzadfar, Farshad
Fay, Derek FJ
Feigin, Valery L
Feigl, Andrea B
Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad
Ferrari, Alize J
Ferri, Cleusa P
Flaxman, Abraham D
Fleming, Thomas D
Foigt, Nataliya
Foreman, Kyle J
Paleo, Urbano Fra
Franklin, Richard C
Gabbe, Belinda
Gaffikin, Lynne
Gakidou, Emmanuela
Gamkrelidze, Amiran
Gankpe, Fortune G
Gansevoort, Ron T
Garcia-Guerra, Francisco A
Gasana, Evariste
Geleijnse, Johanna M
Gessner, Bradford D
Gething, Pete
Gibney, Katherine B
Gillum, Richard F
Ginawi, Ibrahim AM
Giroud, Maurice
Giussani, Giorgia
Goenka, Shifalika
Goginashvili, Ketevan
Dantes, Hector Gomez
Gona, Philimon
de Cosio, Teresita Gonzalez
Gonzalez-Castell, Dinorah
Gotay, Carolyn C
Goto, Atsushi
Gouda, Hebe N
Guerrant, Richard L
Gugnani, Harish C
Guillemin, Francis
Gunnell, David
Gupta, Rahul
Gupta, Rajeev
Gutierrez, Reyna A
Hafezi-Nejad, Nima
Hagan, Holly
Hagstromer, Maria
Halasa, Yara A
Hamadeh, Randah R
Hammami, Mouhanad
Hankey, Graeme J
Hao, Yuantao
Harb, Hilda L
Haregu, Tilahun Nigatu
Haro, Josep Maria
Havmoeller, Rasmus
Hay, Simon I
Hedayati, Mohammad T
Heredia-Pi, Ileana B
Hernandez, Lucia
Heuton, Kyle R
Heydarpour, Pouria
Hijar, Martha
Hoek, Hans W
Man, Howard J Hoff
Hornberger, John C
Hosgood, H Dean
Hoy, Damian G
Hsairi, Mohamed
Hu, Guoqing
Hu, Howard
Huang, Cheng
Huang, John J
Hubbell, Bryan J
Huiart, Laetitia
Husseini, Abdullatif
Iannarone, Marissa L
Iburg, Kim M
Idrisov, Bulat T
Ikeda, Nayu
Innos, Kaire
Inoue, Manami
Islami, Farhad
Ismayilova, Samaya
Jacobsen, Kathryn H
Jansen, Henrica A
Jarvis, Deborah L
Jassal, Simerjot K
Jauregui, Alejandra
Jayaraman, Sudha
Jeemon, Panniyammakal
Jensen, Paul N
Jha, Vivekanand
Jiang, Fan
Jiang, Guohong
Jiang, Ying
Jonas, Jost B
Juel, Knud
Kan, Haidong
Roseline, Sidibe S Kany
Karam, Nadim E
Karch, Andre
Karema, Corine K
Karthikeyan, Ganesan
Kaul, Anil
Kawakami, Norito
Kazi, Dhruv S
Kemp, Andrew H
Kengne, Andre P
Keren, Andre
Khader, Yousef S
Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan
Khan, Ejaz A
Khang, Young-Ho
Khatibzadeh, Shahab
Khonelidze, Irma
Kieling, Christian
Kim, Daniel
Kim, Sungroul
Kim, Yunjin
Kimokoti, Ruth W
Kinfu, Yohannes
Kinge, Jonas M
Kissela, Brett M
Kivipelto, Miia
Knibbs, Luke D
Knudsen, Ann Kristin
Kokubo, Yoshihiro
Kose, M Rifat
Kosen, Soewarta
Kraemer, Alexander
Kravchenko, Michael
Krishnaswami, Sanjay
Kromhout, Hans
Ku, Tiffany
Defo, Barthelemy Kuate
Bicer, Burcu Kucuk
Kuipers, Ernst J
Kulkarni, Chanda
Kulkarni, Veena S
Kumar, G Anil
Kwan, Gene F
Lai, Taavi
Balaji, Arjun Lakshmana
Lalloo, Ratilal
Lallukka, Tea
Lam, Hilton
Lan, Qing
Lansingh, Van C
Larson, Heidi J
Larsson, Anders
Laryea, Dennis O
Lavados, Pablo M
Lawrynowicz, Alicia E
Leasher, Janet L
Lee, Jong-Tae
Leigh, James
Leung, Ricky
Levi, Miriam
Li, Yichong
Li, Yongmei
Liang, Juan
Liang, Xiaofeng
Lim, Stephen S
Lindsay, M Patrice
Lipshultz, Steven E
Liu, Shiwei
Liu, Yang
Lloyd, Belinda K
Logroscino, Giancarlo
London, Stephanie J
Lopez, Nancy
Lortet-Tieulent, Joannie
Lotufo, Paulo A
Lozano, Rafael
Lunevicius, Raimundas
Ma, Jixiang
Ma, Stefan
Machado, Vasco MP
MacIntyre, Michael F
Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos
Mahdi, Abbas A
Majdan, Marek
Malekzadeh, Reza
Mangalam, Srikanth
Mapoma, Christopher C
Marape, Marape
Marcenes, Wagner
Margolis, David J
Margono, Christopher
Marks, Guy B
Martin, Randall V
Marzan, Melvin B
Mashal, Mohammad T
Masiye, Felix
Mason-Jones, Amanda J
Matsushita, Kunihiro
Matzopoulos, Richard
Mayosi, Bongani M
Mazorodze, Tasara T
Mckay, Abigail C
Mckee, Martin
McLain, Abigail
Meaney, Peter A
Medina, Catalina
Mehndiratta, Man Mohan
Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola
Mekonnen, Wubegzier
Melaku, Yohannes A
Meltzer, Michele
Memish, Ziad A
Mendoza, Walter
Mensah, George A
Meretoja, Atte
Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary
Micha, Renata
Miller, Ted R
Mills, Edward J
Misganaw, Awoke
Mishra, Santosh
Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed
Mohammad, Karzan A
Mokdad, Ali H
Mola, Glen L
Monasta, Lorenzo
Hernandez, Julio C Montaez
Montico, Marcella
Moore, Ami R
Morawska, Lidia
Mori, Rintaro
Moschandreas, Joanna
Moturi, Wilkister N
Arian, Dariush Mozaff
Mueller, Ulrich O
Mukaigawara, Mitsuru
Mullany, Erin C
Murthy, Kinnari S
Naghavi, Mohsen
Nahas, Ziad
Naheed, Aliya
Naidoo, Kovin S
Naldi, Luigi
Nand, Devina
Nangia, Vinay
Narayan, KM Venkat
Nash, Denis
Neal, Bruce
Nejjari, Chakib
Neupane, Sudan P
Newton, Charles R
Ngalesoni, Frida N
Ngirabega, Jean de Dieu
Nguyen, Grant
Nguyen, Nhung T
Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J
Nisar, Muhammad I
Nogueira, Jose R
Nolla, Joan M
Nolte, Sandra
Norheim, Ole F
Norman, Rosana E
Norrving, Bo
Nyakarahuka, Luke
Oh, In-Hwan
Ohkubo, Takayoshi
Olusanya, Bolajoko O
Omer, Saad B
Opio, John Nelson
Orozco, Ricardo
Pagcatipunan, Rodolfo S
Pain, Amanda W
Pandian, Jeyaraj D
Panelo, Carlo Irwin A
Papachristou, Christina
Park, Eun-Kee
Parry, Charles D
Caicedo, Angel J Paternina
Patten, Scott B
Paul, Vinod K
Pavlin, Boris I
Pearce, Neil
Pedraza, Lilia S
Pedroza, Andrea
Stokic, Ljiljana Pejin
Pekericli, Ayfer
Pereira, David M
Perez-Padilla, Rogelio
Perez-Ruiz, Fernando
Perico, Norberto
Perry, Samuel AL
Pervaiz, Aslam
Pesudovs, Konrad
Peterson, Carrie B
Petzold, Max
Phillips, Michael R
Phua, Hwee Pin
Plass, Dietrich
Poenaru, Dan
Polanczyk, Guilherme V
Polinder, Suzanne
Pond, Constance D
Pope, C Arden
Pope, Daniel
Popova, Svetlana
Pourmalek, Farshad
Powles, John
Prabhakaran, Dorairaj
Prasad, Noela M
Qato, Dima M
Quezada, Amado D
Quistberg, D Alex A
Racape, Lionel
Rafay, Anwar
Rahimi, Kazem
Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa
Rahman, Sajjad Ur
Raju, Murugesan
Rakovac, Ivo
Rana, Saleem M
Rao, Mayuree
Razavi, Homie
Reddy, K Srinath
Refaat, Amany H
Rehm, Juergen
Remuzzi, Giuseppe
Ribeiro, Antonio L
Riccio, Patricia M
Richardson, Lee
Riederer, Anne
Robinson, Margaret
Roca, Anna
Rodriguez, Alina
Rojas-Rueda, David
Romieu, Isabelle
Ronfani, Luca
Room, Robin
Roy, Nobhojit
Ruhago, George M
Rushton, Lesley
Sabin, Nsanzimana
Sacco, Ralph L
Saha, Sukanta
Sahathevan, Ramesh
Sahraian, Mohammad Ali
Salomon, Joshua A
Salvo, Deborah
Sampson, Uchechukwu K
Sanabria, Juan R
Sanchez, Luz Maria
Sanchez-Pimienta, Tania G
Sanchez-Riera, Lidia
Sandar, Logan
Santos, Itamar S
Sapkota, Amir
Satpathy, Maheswar
Saunders, James E
Sawhney, Monika
Saylan, Mete I
Scarborough, Peter
Schmidt, Juergen C
Schneider, Ione JC
Schoettker, Ben
Schwebel, David C
Scott, James G
Seedat, Soraya
Sepanlou, Sadaf G
Serdar, Berrin
Servan-Mori, Edson E
Shaddick, Gavin
Shahraz, Saeid
Levy, Teresa Shamah
Shangguan, Siyi
She, Jun
Sheikhbahaei, Sara
Shibuya, Kenji
Shin, Hwashin H
Shinohara, Yukito
Shiri, Rahman
Shishani, Kawkab
Shiue, Ivy
Sigfusdottir, Inga D
Silberberg, Donald H
Simard, Edgar P
Sindi, Shireen
Singh, Abhishek
Singh, Gitanjali M
Singh, Jasvinder A
Skirbekk, Vegard
Sliwa, Karen
Soljak, Michael
Soneji, Samir
Soreide, Kjetil
Soshnikov, Sergey
Sposato, Luciano A
Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T
Stapelberg, Nicolas JC
Stathopoulou, Vasiliki
Steckling, Nadine
Stein, Dan J
Stein, Murray B
Stephens, Natalie
Stoeckl, Heidi
Straif, Kurt
Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos
Sturua, Lela
Sunguya, Bruno F
Swaminathan, Soumya
Swaroop, Mamta
Sykes, Bryan L
Tabb, Karen M
Takahashi, Ken
Talongwa, Roberto T
Tandon, Nikhil
Tanne, David
Tanner, Marcel
Tavakkoli, Mohammad
Ao, Braden J Te
Teixeira, Carolina M
Rojo, Martha M Tellez
Terkawi, Abdullah S
Texcalac-Sangrador, Jose Luis
Thackway, Sarah V
Thomson, Blake
Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L
Thrift, Amanda G
Thurston, George D
Tillmann, Taavi
Tobollik, Myriam
Tonelli, Marcello
Topouzis, Fotis
Towbin, Jeff Rey A
Toyoshima, Hideaki
Traebert, Jeff Erson
Tran, Bach X
Trasande, Leonardo
Trillini, Matias
Trujillo, Ulises
Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala
Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis
Tuzcu, Emin Murat
Uchendu, Uche S
Ukwaja, Kingsley N
Uzun, Selen B
van de Vijver, Steven
Van Dingenen, Rita
Van Gool, Coen H
Van Os, Jim
Varakin, Yuri Y
Vasankari, Tommi J
Vasconcelos, Ana Maria N
Vavilala, Monica S
Veerman, Lennert J
Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo
Venketasubramanian, N
Vijayakumar, Lakshmi
Villalpando, Salvador
Violante, Francesco S
Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich
Vollset, Stein Emil
Wagner, Gregory R
Waller, Stephen G
Wallin, Mitchell T
Wan, Xia
Wang, Haidong
Wang, JianLi
Wang, Linhong
Wang, Wenzhi
Wang, Yanping
Warouw, Tati S
Watts, Charlotte H
Weichenthal, Scott
Weiderpass, Elisabete
Weintraub, Robert G
Werdecker, Andrea
Wessells, K Ryan
Westerman, Ronny
Whiteford, Harvey A
Wilkinson, James D
Williams, Hywel C
Williams, Thomas N
Woldeyohannes, Solomon M
Wolfe, Charles DA
Wong, John Q
Woolf, Anthony D
Wright, Jonathan L
Wurtz, Brittany
Xu, Gelin
Yan, Lijing L
Yang, Gonghuan
Yano, Yuichiro
Ye, Pengpeng
Yenesew, Muluken
Yentuer, Goekalp K
Yip, Paul
Yonemoto, Naohiro
Yoon, Seok-Jun
Younis, Mustafa Z
Younoussi, Zourkaleini
Yu, Chuanhua
Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed
Zhao, Yong
Zheng, Yingfeng
Zhou, Maigeng
Zhu, Jun
Zhu, Shankuan
Zou, Xiaonong
Zunt, Joseph R
Lopez, Alan D
Vos, Theo
Murray, Christopher J
Griffith University Author(s)
Year published
2015
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Background
The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.
Methods
Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been ...
View more >Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk–outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990–2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8–58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1–43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5–89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.
View less >
View more >Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk–outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990–2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8–58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1–43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5–89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.
View less >
Journal Title
The Lancet
Volume
386
Issue
10010
Subject
Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified
Medical and Health Sciences
Publication URI
Collection
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Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Dicker, Daniel; Nguyen, Grant; Abate, Degu; Abate, Lkidan Hassen; Abay, Solomon M; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbasi, Nooshin; Abbastabar, Hcdayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdela, Jeinal; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdel-Rahman, Omar; Abdi, Alireza; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi; Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi; Abebe, Haftom Temesgen; Abebe, Molla; Abebe, Zegeye; Abebo, Teshome Abuka; Aboyans, Victor; Abraha, Haftom Niguse; Abrham, Aklilu Roba; Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Ml; Mbessi, Manfred Mario Kokou Areas; Acharya, Pawan; Adebayo, Oladimeji M; Adedeji, Isaac Akinkimmi; Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O; Adhena, Beyene Meressa; Adhikari, Tara Banal; Adib, Mina G; Adou, Arsene Kouablan; Adsuar, Jose C; Afaridern, Mohsen; Afshin, Ashkan; Agarwal, Gina; Aggarwal, Rakesh; Aghayan, Sargis Agbasi; Agrawal, Sutapa; Agrawal, Anurag; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Ahmadi, Alireza; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Ahmed, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim; Ahmed, Sayem; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Aichour, Amani Nidhal; Aichour, Ibtihel; Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine; Akanda, Ali S; Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil; Akibu, Mohammed; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Akseer, Nadia; Alandab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alebel, Animut; Aleman, Alicia V; Alene, Kefyalew Addis; Al-Eyadhy, Ayman; Ali, Raghib; Alijanzadely, Mehran; Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alkerwi, Ala'a; Alla, Francois; Allebeck, Peter; Allen, Christine A; Alonso, Jordi; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M; Alsharif, Ubai; Altirkawi, Khalid; Alvis-Cituman, Nelson; Amare, Azmeraw T; Amini, Erfan; Ammar, Walid; Amoako, Yaw Ampem; Anber, Nahla Hamed; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Androudi, Sofia; Animut, Megbani Debalkie; Anjomshoa, Mina; Anlay, Degefaye Zelalem; Ansari, Hossein; Ansariadi, Ansariadi; Ansha, Mustafa Geleto; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T; Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw; Aremu, Olatunde; Areri, Habtarnu Abera; Arnlov, Johan; Aroma, Megha; Artaman, Al; Aryal, Krishna K; Asadi-Lari, Mohsen; Asayesh, Hamid; Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay; Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal; Assadi, Reza; Ataro, Zerihun; Atey, Tesfay Mehan Mehari; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Atique, Suleman; Atre, Sachin R; Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan; Attia, Engi F; Ausloos, Marcel; Avila-Burgos, Leticia; Avokpaho, Euripide FGA; Awasthi, Ash Ish; Awuah, Baffour; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Ayele, Henok Tadesse; Ayele, Yohanes; Ayer, Rakesh; Ayuk, Tam Be B; Azzopardi, Peter S; Azzopardi-Muscat, Natasha; Badali, Hamid; Badawi, Alaa; Balakrishnan, Kalpana; Bali, Ayele Geleto; Banach, Maciej; Banstola, Armit; Barac, Aleksandra; Barboza, Miguel A; Barquera, Simon; Barrero, Lope H; Basaleem, Huda; Bassat, Quique; Basu, Arindam; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T; Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Behzadifar, Masoud; Behzadifar, Meysam; Bejot, Yannick; Bekele, Bayu Begashaw; Belachew, Abate Bekele; Belay, Aregawi Gebreyesus; Belay, Ezra; Belay, Saba Abraham; Belay, Yihalem Abebe; Bell, Michelle L; Bello, Aminu K; Bennett, Derrick A; Bensenor, Isabela M; Berhane, Adugnaw; Berman, Adam E; Bernabe, Eduardo; Bernstein, Robert S; Bertolacci, Gregory J; Beuran, Mircea; Beyranvand, Tina; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhatia, Eesh; Bhatt, Samir; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bhaumik, Soumyadeeep; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Biadgo, Belete; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Bililign, Nigus; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shandaat; Birlik, Sait Mentes; Birungi, Charles; Bisanzio, Donal; Biswas, Tuhin; Bjorge, Tone; Bleyer, Archie; Basara, Berrak Bora; Bose, Dipan; Bosetti, Cristina; Boufous, Soufiane; Bourne, Rupert; Brady, Oliver J; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi; Brant, Luisa C; Brazinova, Alexandra; Breitborde, Nicholas JK; Brenner, Hermann; Britton, Gabrielle; Brugha, Traolach; Burke, Kristin E; Busse, Reinhard; Butt, Zahid A; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero; Callender, Charlton SKH; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R; Rincon, Julio Cesar Campuzano; Cano, Jorge; Car, Mate; Cardenas, Rosario; Caneras, Giulia; Canero, Juan J; Carter, Austin; Carvalho, Felix; Casaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A; Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo; Castro, Franz; Catala-Lopez, Ferran; Cavlin, Alanur; Cerin, Ester; Chaiah, Yazan; Champs, Ana Paula; Chang, Hsing-Yi; Chang, Jung-Chen; Chattopadhyay, Aparajita; Chaturvedi, Pankaj; Chen, Wanqing; Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia; Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel; Chin, Ken Lee; Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe; Chitheer, Abchilaal; Choi, Jee-Young J; Christensen, Hanne; Christopher, Devasahayam J; Chung, Sheng-Chia; Cicuttini, Flavia M; Ciobanu, Liliana G; Cirillo, Massimo; Claro, Rafael M; Cohen, Aaron J; Collado-Mateo, Daniel; Constantin, Maria-Magdalena; Conti, Sara; Cooper, Cyrus; Cooper, Leslie Trumbull; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Cortinovis, Monica; Cousin, Ewerton; Criqui, Michael H; Cromwell, Elizabeth A; Crowe, Christopher Stephen; Crump, John A; Cucu, Alexandra; Cunningham, Matthew; Daba, Alemneh Kabeta; Dachew, Berihun Assefa; Dadi, Abel Fekaadu; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Dang, Anh Kim; Dargan, Paul I; Daryani, Ahmad; Das, Siddharth K; Das Gupta, Rajat; das Neves, Jose; Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye; Dash, Aditya Prasad; Weaver, Nicole Davis; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; Davletov, Kairat; Dayama, Anand; de Courten, Barbora; De la Hoz, Fernando Pio; De Leo, Diego; De Neve, Jan-Walter; Degefa, Meaza Ginna; Degenhardt, Louisa; Degfie, Tizta T; Deiparine, Selina; Dellavalle, Robert P; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam; Demtsu, Balem Betsu; Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar; Deribe, Kebede; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Des Jarlais, Don C; Dessie, Getenet Ayalew; Dey, Subhojit; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dhimal, Meghnath; Ding, Eric L; Djalalinia, Shirin; Doku, David Teye; Dolan, Kate A; Donnelly, Christi A; Dorsey, E Ray; Douwes-Schultz, Dirk; Doyle, Kerrie E; Drake, Thomas M; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Dubey, Manisha; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Duken, Eyasu Ejeta; Duncan, Bruce B; Duraes, Andre R; Ebrahimi, Hedyeh; Ebrahimpour, Soheil; Edessa, Dumessa; Edvardsson, David; Eggen, Anne Elise; El Bcheraoui, Charbel; Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed; Elfaramawi, Mohammed; El-Khatib, Ziad; Ellingsen, Christian Lycke; Elyazar, Iqbal RF; Enayati, Ahmadali; Endries, Aman Yesuf Yesuf; Er, Benjamin; Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich; Eshrati, Babak; Eskandarieff, Sharareh; Esmaeili, Reza; Esteghamati, Alireza; Esteghamati, Sadaf; Fakhar, Matadi; Fakhim, Named; Farag, Tamer; Faramarzi, Mahbobelh; Fareed, Mohammad; Farhadi, Farzaneh; Farid, Talha A; Farinha, Carla Sofia E Sa; Farioli, Andrea; Faro, Andre; Farvid, Maryam S; Farzadfar, Farshad; Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein; Farzeli, Mir Sohail; Feigin, Valery L; Feigl, Andrea B; Feizy, Fariba; Fentahum, Netsanet; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Fernandes, Joao C; Feyissa, Garumma Tolu; Fijabi, Daniel Obadare; Filip, Irina; Finegold, Samuel; Fischer, Florian; Flor, Luisa Sorio; Foigt, Nataliya A; Ford, John A; Foreman, Kyle J; Harrod, Carla; Frank, Tahvi D; Franklin, Richard Charles; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Fuller, John E; Fullman, Nancy; Furst, Thomas; Furtado, Joao M; Futran, Neal D; Galan, Adriana; Gallus, Silvano; Gambashidze, Ketevan; Gamkrelidze, Amiran; Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L; Garcia-Gordillo, Miguel A; Gebre, Teshome; Gebre, Abadi Kahsu; Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berne; Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde; Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay; Gelano, Tilayie Feto; Gelaw, Yalemzewod Assefa; Geleijnse, Johanna N; Genova-Maleras, Ricard; Gessner, Bradford D; Getachew, Sefonias; Gething, Peter W; Gezae, Kebede Embaye; Ghadami, Mohammad Rasold; Ghadimi, Reza; Falavarjani, Khalil Ghasemi; Ghaserni-Kasman, Maryam; Ghiasvand, Hesam; Ghirnire, Mamata; Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K; Gillum, Richard F; Giussani, Giorgia; Goenka, Shifalika; Coll, Srinivas; Gomez, Ricardo Santiago; Gomez-Cabrera, Mari Carmen; Gomez-Dantes, Hector; Gona, Philimon N; Goodridge, Amador; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goto, Atsushi; Goulart, Alessandra C; Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia; Grada, Ayman; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Prakash C; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Tanush; Gyawali, Bishal; Haagsma, Juanita A; Hachinski, Vladimir; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Hagos, Tekleberhan B; Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa; Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Hamadeh, Randah R; Hamidi, Sarver; Handal, Alexis J; Hankey, Graeme J; Harb, Hilda L; Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai; Haririan, Hamidreza; Haro, Josep Maria; Hasan, Mehedi; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hassen, Hamid Yimam; Havmoeller, Rasmus; Hay, Roderick J; Hay, Simon I; He, Yihua; Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akhar; Hegazy, Mohamed I; Heibati, Behzad; Heidari, Mohsen; Hendrie, Delia; Henok, Andualem; Henry, Nathaniel J; Heredia-Pi, Ileana; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; Heydarpour, Pouria; Heydarpour, Sousan; Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw; Hoek, Hans W; Hole, Michael K; Rad, Enayatollah Homaie; Hoogar, Praveen; Horino, Masako; Hosgood, H Dean; Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Sorin; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hotez, Peter J; Hoy, Damian C; Hsairi, Mohamed; Htet, Aung Sae; Hu, Guoqing; Huang, John J; Husseini, Abdullatif; Hussen, Mohammedaman Mama; Hutfless, Susan; Iburg, Kim Moesgaard; Igumbor, Elliman U; Ikeda, Chad Thomas; Illesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Isehunwa, Oluwaseyi Oluwakemi; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islam, Farhad; Jahangiry, Leila; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jain, Rajesh; Jain, Sudhir Kumar; Jakovljevic, Mihail; James, Spencer L; Jayanbakht, Mehdi; Jayaraman, Sudha; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jee, Sun Ha; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S; Johnson, Sarah Charlotte; Jonas, Jost B; Joshi, Ankur; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jungari, Suresh Banayya; Jurisson, Mikk; Madhanraj, K; Kabir, Zubair; Kadel, Rajendra; Kahsay, Amaha; Kahssay, Molla; Kalani, Rizwan; Kapil, Umesh; Karami, Manoochehr; Matin, Behzad Karami; Karch, Andre; Karema, Corine; Karimi, Narges; Karimi, Seyed M; Karimi-Sari, Hamidreza; Kasaeian, Arnir; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale; Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes; Kassebaum, Nicholas J; Katibeh, Marzieh; Katikireddi, Sitinivasa Vittal; Kaul, Anil; Kawakami, Norito; Kazemeini, Hossein; Kazemi, Zhila; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Prakash, KC; Kebede, Seifu; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Kemp, Grant Rodgers; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Keren, Andre; Keresellidze, Maia; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khajavi, Alireza; Khalid, Nauman; Khalil, Ibrahim A; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Gulfaraz; Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb; Khan, Muhammad Ali; Khang, Young-Ho; Khanna, Tripti; Khater, Mona M; Khatony, Alireza; Khazaie, Habibolah; Khoja, Abdullah T; Khosravi, Ardeshir; Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A; Kibret, Getiye D Dejenu; Kim, Cho-il; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Jun Y; Kim, Young-Eun; Kimokoti, Ruth Nv; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kinra, Sanjay; Kisa, Adrian; Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna; Kissoon, Niranjan; Kivimaki, Mika; Kleber, Marcus F; Knibbs, Luke D; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kochhar, Sonali; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Kolola, Tufa; Kopec, Jacek A; Kosek, Margaret N; Kosen, Soewarta; Koul, Parvaiz A; Koyanagi, Ai; Kravchenko, Michael A; Kristian, Kewal; Krishnaswami, Sanjay; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kudom, Andreas A; Kuipers, Ernst J; Kulikoff, Xie Rachel; Kumar, G Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kumar, Pushpendra; Kumsa, Fekede Asefa; Kutz, Michael J; Lad, Sheetal D; Lafranconi, Alessandra; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lam, Hilton; Lami, Faris Hasan; Lan, Qing; Langan, Sinead M; Lansingh, Van C; Torisky, Sonia; Larson, Heidi Jane; Laryea, Dennis Odai; Lassi, Zohra S; Latifi, Arman; Lavados, Pablo M; Laxmaiah, Anita; Lazarus, Jeffrey V; Lebedev, Georgy; Lee, Paul H; Leigh, James; Leshargie, Cheru Tesema; Leta, Samson; Levi, Miriam; Li, Shanshan; Li, Yichong; Li, Xiaohong; Hang, Juan; Liang, Xiaofeng; Liben, Misgan Legesse; Lim, Lee-Ling; Lim, Stephen S; Limenih, Miteku Andualem; Linn, Shai; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Yang; Lodha, Rakesh; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Lonsdale, Chris; Lorch, Scott A; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A; Lozano, Rafael; Lucas, Tim CD; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lyons, Ronan A; Ma, Stefan; Mabika, Crispin; Macarayam, Erlyn Rachelle King; Mackay, Mark T; Maddison, Emilie R; Maddison, Ralph; Madotto, Fabiana; Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy; Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy; Maghavani, Dhaval P; Majdan, Marek; Majdzadeh, Reza; Majeed, Azeem; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malik, Manzoor Ahmad; Malta, Deborah Carvaho; Mamun, Abdullah A; Manamo, Wondimu Ayele; Manda, Ana-Laura; Mansoumia, Mohammad Ali; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni; Mapoma, Chabila Christopher; Marami, Dadi; Marayilla, Joemer C; Marcenes, Wagner; Marina, Shakhnazarova; Martinez-Raga, Jose; Martins, Sheila CO; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Marz, NXinfried; Marzan, Melvin B; Mashamba-Thompson, Tivani Phosa; Masiye, Felix; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Maulik, Pallab K; Mazidi, Mohsen; McGrath, John J; McKee, Martin; Mehata, Suresh; Mehendale, Sanjay Madhav; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mehta, Kala M; Mehta, Varshil; Mekonen, Tesfa; Mekonnen, Tefera Chane; Meles, Hagazi Gebre; Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam; Melese, Addisu; Melku, Mulugeta; Memiah, Peter TN; Memish, Ziad A; Mendoza, Walter; Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese; Ntengistu, Getnet; Mensah, George A; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane; Miangotar, Yode; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Miller, Ted R; Mini, GK; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Moazen, Babak; Moges, Nurilign Abebe; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mohammadi, Moslem; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, Maryam; Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohammed, Mohammed A; Mohan, Viswanathan; Mokdad, Ali H; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Mahmoudreza; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradinazar, Mehdi; Moraga, Paula; Morawska, Lidia; Velasquez, This Moreno; Morgado-da-Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosapour, Abbas; Moschos, Marilita M; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Muche, Achenef Asmamaw; Muchie, Kindie Fentahun; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath; Mullany, Erin C; Muller, Kate; Murhekar, Manoj; Murphy, Tasha B; Murthy, GVS; Murthy, Srinivas; Musa, Jonah; Musa, Kargartil Imran; Mustafa, Ghulam; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Nachega, Jean B; Nagel, Gabriele; Naghavi, NIohsen; Naheed, Aliya; Nahvijou, Azin; Naik, Gurudatta; Nair, Sanjeev; Najafi, Farid; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Nawaz, Haseeb; Ncama, Busisiwe P; Neamati, Nahid; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Neupane, Subas; Newton, Charles Richard James; Ngalesoni, Frida N; Ngunjiri, Josephine W; Ha, Thu Nguyen; Huong, Thanh Nguyen; Long, Hoang Nguyen; Michele, Nguyen; Trang, Huyen Nguyen; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Nirayo, Yirga Legesse; Nisar, Muhammad Imran; Nixon, Molly R; Nolutshungu, Nomonde; Nomura, Shuhei; Norheim, Ole F; Noroozi, Mehdi; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nouri, Hamid Reza; Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour; Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza; Nsoesie, Elaine O; Nyasulu, Peter S; Ofori-Asenso, Richard; Ogah, Okechukwu Samuel; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oh, In-Hwan; Okoro, Anselm; Oladimeji, Olanrewaju; Olagunju, Andrew T; Olagunju, Tinuke O; Olivares, Pedro R; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubuktmola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Ong, Sok King; Opio, John Nelson; Oren, Eyal; Ortiz, Justin R; Ortiz, Alberto; Ota, Erika; Otstavnov, Stanislav S; Overland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo; Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel; Mahesh, PA; Pacella, Rosana; Pakhale, Smita; Pakhare, Abhijit P; Pana, Adrian; Panda, Basant Kumar; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitu; Pandey, Achyut Raj; Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai; Parisi, Andrea; Park, Eun-Kee; Parry, Charles DH; Parsian, Hadi; Patel, Shanti; Patle, Ajay; Patten, Scott B; Patton, George C; Paudel, Deepak; Pearce, Neil; Peprah, Emmanuel K; Pereira, Alexandre; Pereira, David M; Perez, Krystle M; Perico, Norberto; Pervaiz, Aslam; Pesudovs, Konrad; Petri, William A; Petzold, Max; Phillips, Michael R; Pigott, David M; Pillay, Julian David; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Pishgar, Farhad; Plass, Dietrich; Polinder, Suzanne; Pond, Constance Dimity; Popova, Svetlana; Postma, Maarten J; Pourmalek, Farshad; Pourshams, Akram; Poustchi, Hossein; Prabhakaran, Dorairaj; Prakash, V; Prakash, Swayam; Prasad, Narayan; Qorbani, Mostafa; Quistberg, D Alex; Radfar, Amir; Rafay, Anwar; Rafiei, Alireza; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi, Kazem; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mohammad Hi Ur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahman, Sajjad ur; Rai, Rajesh Kumar; Rajati, Patemeh; Rajsic, Sasa; Raju, Sree Bhushan; Ram, Usha; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Ranjan, Prabhat; Ranta, Anna; Rasella, Davide; Rawaf, David Faith; Rawaf, Salman; Ray, Sarah E; Razo-Garcia, Christian; Rego, Maria Albertina Santiago; Rehm, Juergen; Reiner, Robert C; Reinig, Nickolas; Reis, Cesar; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renzaho, Andre MN; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Satan; Rezaeian, Shahab; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P; Riojas, Horacio; Rios-Blancas, Maria Jesus; Roba, Kedir Teji; Robinson, Stephen R; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Roshandel, Gholargreza; Roshchin, Denis; Rostami, Ali; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Rubagotti, Enrico; Ruhago, George Mugambage; Saadat, Soheil; Sabde, Yogesh Damodar; Sachder, Perminder S; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Safari, Hosein; Safari, Yahya; Safari-Faramani, Roya; Safdarian, Mandi; Safi, Sane; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sajadi, Haniye Sadat; Salahshoor, Mohamadreza; Salam, Nasir; Salama, Joseph S; Salamati, Payman; Saldanha, Raphael de Freitas; Salimi, Yahya; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salz, Inbal; Sambala, Evanson Zondani; Samy, Abdallah M; Sanabria, Juan; Nino, Maria Dolores Sanchez; Santos, Itarnar S; Santos, Joao Vasco; Milicevic, Milena M Santric; Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao; Sardana, Mayank; Sacker, Abdur Razzaque; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sarvi, Shahabeddin; Sathian, Brijesh; Satpathy, Maheswar; Savic, Miloje; Sawant, Artmdhati R; Sawhney, Monika; Saxena, Sonia; Sayyah, Mehdi; Scaria, Vinod; Schadffner, Fake; Schelonka, Kathryn; Schmidt, Maria Ines; Schneider, Ione JC; Schottker, Ben; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth; Schwebel, David C; Schwendicke, Falk; Scott, James G; Sekerija, Mario; Sepanlou, Sadaf G; Servan-Mori, Edson; Shabaninejad, Hosein; Shackelford, Katya Anne; Shafieesabet, Azadeh; Shaheen, Andra A; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shakir, Raad A; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsi, MohammadBagher; Shamsizadeh, Modena; Sharafi, Heidar; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sharit, Mehdi; Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi; Sharma, Meenakshi; Sharma, Jayendra; Sharma, Rajesh; She, Jun; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheth, Kevin N; Shi, Peilin; Shibuya, Kenji; Shifa, Gimia Temam; Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sissy; Shigematsu, Mika; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shiue, Ivy; Shokraneh, Farhad; Shrime, Mark C; Shukla, Sharvari Rahul; Si, Si; Siabani, Soraya; Siddiqi, Tariq J; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silpakit, Nazis; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Silva, Joao Pedro; Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves; Singam, Narayana Sarma Venkata; Singh, Jasvinder A; Singh, Virendra; Sinha, Anju Pradhan; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Sitas, Freddy; Skirbekk, Vegard; Sliwa, Karen; Soares Filho, Adauto Martins; Sobaih, Badr Hasan; Sobhani, Soheila; Soofi, Moslem; Soriano, Joan B; Soyiri, Ireneous N; Sposato, Luciano A; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T; Srinivasan, Vinay; Srivastava, Rakesh Kumar; Starodubov, Vladimir I; Stathopoulou, Vasiliki; Steel, Nicholas; Stein, Dan J; Steiner, Caitlyn; Stewart, Leo G; Stokes, Mark A; Sudaryanto, Agus; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Sulo, Gerhard; Sunguya, Bruno F; Sur, Patrick John; Sutradhar, Ipsita; Sykes, Bryan L; Sylaja, PN; Sylte, Dillon O; Szoeke, Cassandra FI; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar; Takahashi, Ken; Tandon, Nikhil; Tassew, Aberash Abay; Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel; Tavakkoli, Mohammad; Taveira, Nuno; Tawye, Vega Yimer; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw; Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin; Temesgen, Habtamu; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Temsah, Omar; Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman; Teshale, Manaye Yihune; Tessema, Belay; Teweldemedhin, Mebrahtu; 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Zare, Zohreh; Zeeb, Hajo; Zeleke, Mulugeta Molla; Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew; Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Zhang, Kai; Zhang, Xueying; Thou, Maigeng; Zhu, Jun; Zodpey, Sanjay; Zucker, Inbar; Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna J; Lopez, Alan D; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Murray, Christopher JI (LANCET, 2018)Background: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of ...JOURNAL ARTICLE -
Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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Weiderpass, Elisabete; Weintraub, Robert G; Weiss, Jordan; Weldegebreal, Fitsum; Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey; Werdecker, Andrea; Ayaliew, Adhena; West, Werkneff T Loin; Westerman, Ronny; Whisnant, Joanna L; Whiteford, Harvey A; Widecka, Justyna; Widecka, Katarzyna; Wijeratne, Tissa; Wither, Lauren B; Winkler, Andrea Sylvia; Wiyeh, Alison B; Wiysonge, Charles Shey; Wolde, Haileab Fekadu; Wolfe, Charles DA; Wu, Shouling; Xavier, Denis; Xu, Gelin; Xu, Rising; Yadollahpour, Ali; Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh; Yakob, Bereket; Yamada, Tomohide; Tan, Lijing L; Yano, Yuichiro; Yaseri, Mehdi; Yasin, Yasin Jemal; Ye, Pengpeng; Tearwood, Jamal A; Yeshaneh, Alex; Yimer, Ebrahirn M; Yip, Paul; Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn; Yisma, Engida; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Tonga, Gerald; Toon, Seok-Jun; Yotebieng, Marcel; Younis, Mustafa Z; Yousefifard, Mahmoud; Yu, Chuanhua; Bin Zaman, Sojib; Zamani, Mohammad; Zara, Zohreh; Zavala-Arciniega, Luis; Zegeye, Desalegn Tegabu; Zegeye, Elias Asfaw; Zeleke, Ayalew Jejaw; Zendehdel, Kazem; Zerfit, Taddese Alemu; Zhang, Anthony Lin; Zhang, Xiteying; Zhou, Maigeng; Zhu, Jun; Zimsen, Stephanie RM; Zodpey, Sanjay; Zoeckler, Leo; Zucker, Inbar; Zuhlke, Liesel Joanna J; Lim, Stephen S; Murray, Christopher JL (LANCET, 2018)Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver ...JOURNAL ARTICLE -
Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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Gebre, Teshome; Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe; Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde; Gebremedhin, Amanttel Tesfay; Gelano, Tilayie Feto; Gelaw, Yalemzewod Assefa; Geleijnse, 'Johanna N; Genova-Maleras, Ricard; Gething, Peter; Gezae, Kebede Embaye; Ghadami, Mohammad Rasoul; Ghadimi, Reza; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Falavarjani, Khalil Ghasemi; Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam; Ghiasvand, Hesam; Ghimire, Mamata; Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K; Giussani, Giorgia; Gnedovskaya, Elena V; Goli, Srinivas; Gomez, Ricardo Santiago; Gomez-Dantes, Hector; Gona, Philimon N; Goodridge, Amador; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goulart, Alessandra C; Niegia, Barbara; Goulart, Garcia; Grada, Ayman; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gugnani, Harish Chander C; Guo, Jingwen; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Prakash C; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Tanush; Haagsma, Juanita A; Hachinski, Vladimir; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Hagos, Tekleberhan B; Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa; Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Hamadeh, Randah R; Hamidi, Sarver; Handal, Alexis J; Hankey, Graeme J; Hao, Yuantao; Harb, Hilda I; Haririan, Hamidreza; Haro, Josep Maria; Hasan, Mehedi; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hassen, Hamid Yimam; Havrnoeller, Rasmus; Hay, Simon I; He, Yihua; Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar; Hegazy, Mohamed I; Heibati, Behzad; Heidari, Behnam; Hendrie, Delia; Henok, Andualem; Henry, Nathaniel J; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; Hibstu, Desalegn T; Hole, Michael K; Rad, Enayatollah Homaie; Hoogar, Praveen; Hosgood, H Dean; Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa; Chavoshi, Meimanat M Hosseini; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Hsairi, Mohamed; Hsiao, Thomas; Hu, Guoqing; Huang, John J; Iburg, Kim Moesgaard; Igumbor, Ehimario U; Ikeda, Chad Thomas; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Iqbal, Usman; Irenso, Asnake Ararsa; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Isehunwa, Oluwaseyi Oluwakemi; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Sharifhl; Jahangiry, Leila; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jam, Sudhir Kumar; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jalu, Moti Tolera; James, Spencer L; Jassal, Simerjot K; Javanbakht, Mehdi; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S; Jonas, Jost B; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jungari, Suresh Banayya; Jurisson, Mikk; Kabir, Zubair; Kadel, Rajendra; Kahsay, Amaha; Kalani, Rizwan; Kapil, Umesh; Karami, Manoochehr; Martin, Behead Karami; Karch, Andre; Karema, Corine; Karimi, Seyed M; Kasacian, Amir; Kassa, Dessalegn H; Kassa, Getachew Muilu; Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale; Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes; Kassebaum, Nicholas J; Kastor, Anshul; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kaul, Anil; Kawakami, Norito; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Kebede, Seifu; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Kemp, Grant Rodgers; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Keren, Andre; Kereselidze, Maia; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khajavi, Alireza; Khalid, Nauman; Khalil, Ibrahim A; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb; Hang, Young-Ho K; Khanna, Tripti; Khater, Mona M; Khatony, Alireza; Khazaeipour, Zahra; Khazaie, Habibolah; Khoja, Abdullah T; Khosravi, Ardeshir; Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein; Kibret, Getiye D; Kidenemariam, Zelalem Teklemariam; Kiirithio, Daniel N; Kilgore, Paul Evan; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Jun Y; Kim, Young-Eun; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kinra, Sanjay; Kisa, Adnan; Kivimaki, Mika; Kochhar, Sonli; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Kolola, Tufa; Kopec, Jacek A; Kosek, Margaret N; Kosen, Soewarta; Koul, Parvaiz A; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Krishnaswami, Sanjay; Krohn, Kristopher J; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kumar, G Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kumar, Pushpendra; Kumsa, Fekede Asefa; Kutz, Michael J; Lad, Sheetal D; Lafranconi, Alessandra; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lam, Hilton; Lami, Faris Hasan; Lang, Justin J; Lansky, Sonia; Lansingh, Van C; Laryea, Dennis Odai; Lassi, Zohra S; Latifi, Arman; Laxmaiah, Avula; Lazarus, Jeffrey V; Lee, James B; Lee, Paul H; Leigh, James; Leshargie, Cheru Tesema; Leta, Samson; Levi, Miriam; Li, Shanshan; Li, Xiaohong; Li, Yichong; Liang, Juan; Liang, Xiaofeng; Liben, Misgan Iegesse; Lim, Lee-Ling; Limenih, Miteku Andualem; Linn, Shai; Liu, Shiwei; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A; Lozano, Rafael; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Mabika, Crispin Mabika; Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King; Mackay, Mark T; Madotto, Fabiana; Mahmood, Tarek Abd Elaziz; Mahotra, Narayan Bahadur; Majdan, Marek; Majdzadeh, Reza; Majeed, Azeem; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malik, Manzoor Ahmad; Mamun, Abdullah A; Mariano, Wondimu Ayele; Manda, Ana-Laura; Mangalam, Srikanth; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni; Mapoma, Chabila Christopher; Marami, Dadi; Maravilla, Joemer C; Marcenes, Wagner; Marina, Shakhnazarova; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Martz, Winfried; Marzan, Melvin B; Mashamba-Thompson, Tivani Phosa; Masiye, Felix; Mason-Jones, Amanda J; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Mathur, Mann Raj; Main, Pallab K; Mazidi, Mohsen; McGrath, John J; Mehata, Suresh; Mehendale, Sanjay Madhav; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mehrzadi, Saeed; Mehta, Kala M; Mehta, Varshil; Mekonnen, Tefera C; Meles, Hagazi Gebre; Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam; Melese, Addisu; Melku, Mulugeta; Memiah, Peter TN; Memish, Ziad A; Mendoza, Walter; Mengesha, Melkamu Merid; Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese; Mengistu, Getnet; Mensah, George A; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane; Miangotar, Yode; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Miller, Ted R; Miller-Petrie, Molly Katherine; Mini, GK; Mirabi, Parvaneh; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Moazen, Bahak; Mohammad, Karzan Abduhmuhsin; Mohammadi, Moslem; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohanmmdi-Khanaposhtani, Marysm; Mohammed, A Mohammed; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mokdad, Ali H; Mola, Glen Dl; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Montanez, Julio Cesar; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Mahmoudreza; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradinazar, Mehdi; Moraga, Paula; Morgado-Da-Costa, Joana; Mori, Rintaro; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosapour, Abbas; Moschos, Marilita M; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Muche, Achenef Asmamaw; Muchie, Kindle Fentahun; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath; Murphy, Tasha B; Muller, Kate; Murthy, GVS; Musa, Jonah; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Mustafa, Ghulam; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Nachega, Jean B; Nagel, Gabriele; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naheed, Aliya; Nahnjou, Azin; Naik, Gurudatta; Naik, Paulami; Najafi, Farid; Naldi, Luigi; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Naschnento, Bruno Ramos; Nawaz, Haseeb; Ncama, Busisiwe P; Neamati, Nahid; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Neupane, Subas; Newton, Charles Richard James; Ngalesoni, Frida N; Ngunjiri, Josephine W; Nguyen, Grant; Long, Hoang Nguyen; Trang, Huyen Nguyen; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Nirayo, Yirga Legesse; Nisar, Muhammad Miran; Nixon, Molly R; Nomura, Shuhei; Noroozi, Mehdi; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nouri, Hamid Reza; Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour; Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza; Nyandwi, Alypio; Nyasulu, Peter S; Odell, Christopher M; Ofori-Asenso, Richard; Ogah, Okechukwu Samuel; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oh, In-Hwan; Okoro, Anselm; Oladimeji, Olanrewaju; Olagunju, Andrew T; Olagunju, Tinuke O; Olivares, Pedro R; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Ong, Sok King; Ortiz, Alberto; Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron; Ota, Erika; Otieno, Brenda Achieng; Otstavnov, Stanislav S; Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo; Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel; Pakhale, Mahesh PA Smita; Pakhare, Abhijtt P; Pana, Adrian; Panda, Basant Kumar; Panda-Jonas, Songhomina; Pandey, Achyut Raj; Park, Eun-Kee; Parsian, Hadi; Patel, Shanti; Patil, Snehal T; Patle, Ajay; Patton, George C; Paturi, Vishnupriya Rao; Paudel, Deepak; Pedroso, Marcel Moraes; Peprah, Emmanuel K; Pereira, David M; Perico, Norberto; Pesudovs, Konrad; Petri, William A; Petzold, Max; Pierce, Maxwell; Pigott, David M; Pillay, Julian David; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Polanczyk, Guilherme V; Postma, Maarten J; Pourmalek, Farshad; Pourshams, Akram; Poustchi, Hossein; Prakash, Swayam; Prasad, Narayan; Purcell, Caroline A; Purwar, Manorama B; Qorbani, Mostafa; Quansah, Reginald; Radfar, Arnir; Rafay, Anwar; Rafiei, Alireza; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin; Rahimi-Movaghah, Vafa; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Md Shafiur; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahman, Sajjad Ur; Rai, Rajesh Kumar; Rajati, Fatemeh; Rajsic, Sasa; Ram, Usha; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Ranjan, Prabhat; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Ray, Sarah E; Razo-Garcia, Christian; Reiner, Robert C; Reis, Cesar; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renzaho, Andre MN; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Satar; Rezaeian, Shahab; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Rios-Blancas, Maria Jesus; Roba, Kedir Teji; Roberts, Nicholas LS; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Rostami, Ali; Rubagotti, Enrico; Ruhago, George Mugambage; Sabde, Yogesh Damodar; Sachdev, Perminder S; Saddik, Basema; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Safari, Hosein; Safari, Yahya; Safari-Faramani, Roya; Safdarian, Mandi; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Sagan, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sajadi, Haniye Sadat; Salahshoor, Mohamadreza; Salam, Nasir; Salama, Joseph S; Salamati, Payman; Saldanha, Raphael De Freitas; Sateen, Zikria; Salimi, Yahya; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salomon, Joshua A; Santosh, Sundeep Salvi; Salz, Inbal; Sanibala, Evanson Zondani; Samy, Abdallah M; Sanabria, Juan; Sanchez-Nino, Maria Dolores; Santos, Itamar S; Milicevic, Milena M Santric; Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao; Sardana, Mayank; Sarker, Abdur Razzaque; Sanniento-Suarez, Rodrigo; Saroshe, Satish; Sarrafradegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Berm; Sarvi, Shahabeddin; Sathian, Brijesh; Satpathy, Maheswar; Sawant, Arundhati R; Sawhney, Monika; Saxena, Sonia; Schaeffner, Elke; Schelonka, Kathryn; Schneider, Ione JC; Schwebel, David C; Schwendicke, Falk; Seedat, Soraya; Sekerija, Mario; Sepanlou, Sadaf G; Servan-Mori, Edson; Shabaninejad, Hosein; Shackelford, Katya Anne; Shafieesabet, Azadeh; Shaheen, Amira A; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shakir, Raad A; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsi, Mohammadbagher; Sharnsizadeh, Morteza; Sharafi, Heidar; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sharif, Mehdi; Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi; Sharma, Jayendra; Sharma, Rajesh; She, Jun; Sheikh, Ariz; Shi, Pailin; Shibuya, Kenji; Shigematsu, Mika; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shiue, Ivy; Shokraneh, Farhad; Shukla, Sharvari Rahul; Si, Si; Siabani, Soraya; Sibai, Abla Mehio; Siddiqi, Tariq J; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silpakit, Naris; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Silva, Joao Pedro; Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves; Singam, Narayana Sarma Venkata; Singh, Jasvinder A; Singh, Narinder Pal; Singh, Virendra; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Sliwa, Karen; Soares Filho, Adauto Martins; Sobaih, Badr Hasan; Sobhani, Soheila; Soofi, Moslem; Soriano, Joan B; Soyiri, Ineneous N; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T; Starodubov, Vladimir I; Steiner, Cartlyn; Stewart, Leo G; Stokes, Mark A; Strong, Mark; Subart, Michelle L; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Sulo, Gerhard; Sunguya, Bruno F; Sur, Patrick John; Sutradhar, Ipsita; Sykes, Bryan L; Sylaja, PN; Sylte, Dillon O; Szoeke, Cassandra EI; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabb, Karen M; Tadakamadla, Santos Kumar; Tandon, Nikhil; Tassew, Aberash Abay; Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel; Taveira, Nuno; Tawye, Nega Yimer; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw; Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman; Teshale, Manaye Yihune; Tessema, Belay; Teweldemedhin, Mebrahtu; Thakur, Jarnail Singh; Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman; Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish; Thomas, Nihal; Thomson, Alan J; Tilahun, Binyam; To, Quyen G; Tonelli, Marcello; Topor-Madry, Roman; Torre, Anna E; Tortajada-Girbes, Miguel; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Toyoshima, Hideaki; Bach, Xuan Tran; Khan, Bao Tran; Tripathy, Srikanth Prasad; Truelsen, Thomas Clement; Nu, Thi Truong; Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel; Tsegay, Amanuel; Tsilimparis, Nikolaos; Car, Lorainne Tudor; Ukwaja, Kingsley N; Ullah, Irfan; Usman, Muhammad Shariq; Uthman, Olalekan A; Uzun, Selen Begum; Vaduganathan, Muthiah; Vaezi, Afsane; Vaidya, Gaurang; Valdez, Pascual R; Varavikova, Elena; Varughese, Santosh; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Villafaina, Santos; Violante, Francesco S; Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch; Vlassov, Vasily; Vollset, Stein Emil; Vos, Theo; Vosoughi, Kia; Vujcic, Isidora S; Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw; Waheed, Yasir; Walson, Judd L; Wang, Yanping; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Weintraub, Robert G; Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey; Werdecker, Andrea; Westerman, Ronny; Whiteford, Harvey; Widecka, Justyna; Widecka, Katarzyna; Wijeratne, Tissa; Winkler, Andrea Sylvia; Wiysonge, Charles Shey; Wolfe, Charles DA; Wu, Shouling; Wyper, Grant MA; Xu, Gelin; Yamada, Tomohide; Yano, Yuichiro; Yaseri, Mehdi; Yasin, Yasin Jemal; Ye, Pengpeng; Yentur, Gokalp Kadri; Yeshaneh, Alex; Yimer, Ebrahim M; Yip, Paul; Yisma, Engida; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yoon, Seok-Jun; Yotebieng, Marcel; Younis, Mustafa Z; Yousefifard, Mahmoud; Yu, Chuanhua; Zadnik, Vesna; Zaidi, Zoubida; Bin Zaman, Sojib; Zamani, Mohammad; Zare, Zohreh; Zeleke, Mulugeta Mona; Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew; Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Zhang, Xueying; Zhao, Xiu-Ju; Zhou, Maigeng; Zhu, Jun; Zimsen, Stephanie RM; Zodpey, Sanjay; Zoeckler, Leo; Lopez, Alan D; Lim, Stephen S (LANCET, 2018)Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates ...JOURNAL ARTICLE