Development and psychometric testing of an instrument to measure safety climate perceptions in community pharmacy

View/ Open
File version
Accepted Manuscript (AM)
Author(s)
Newham, Rosemary
Bennie, Marion
Maxwell, David
Watson, Anne
de Wet, Carl
Bowie, Paul
Griffith University Author(s)
Year published
2014
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Rationale, aims and objectives: A positive and strong safety culture underpins effective
learning from patient safety incidents in health care, including the community pharmacy
(CP) setting. To build this culture, perceptions of safety climate must be measured with
context-specific and reliable instruments. No pre-existing instruments were specifically
designed or suitable for CP within Scotland. We therefore aimed to develop a psychometrically
sound instrument to measure perceptions of safety climate within Scottish CPs.
Methods: The first stage, development of a preliminary instrument, comprised three steps:
(i) a literature ...
View more >Rationale, aims and objectives: A positive and strong safety culture underpins effective learning from patient safety incidents in health care, including the community pharmacy (CP) setting. To build this culture, perceptions of safety climate must be measured with context-specific and reliable instruments. No pre-existing instruments were specifically designed or suitable for CP within Scotland. We therefore aimed to develop a psychometrically sound instrument to measure perceptions of safety climate within Scottish CPs. Methods: The first stage, development of a preliminary instrument, comprised three steps: (i) a literature review; (ii) focus group feedback; and (iii) content validation. The second stage, psychometric testing, consisted of three further steps: (iv) a pilot survey; (v) a survey of all CP staff within a single health board in NHS Scotland; and (vi) application of statistical methods, including principal components analysis and calculation of Cronbach’s reliability coefficients, to derive the final instrument. Results The preliminary questionnaire was developed through a process of literature review and feedback. This questionnaire was completed by staff in 50 CPs from the 131 (38%) sampled. 250 completed questionnaires were suitable for analysis. Psychometric evaluation resulted in a 30-item instrument with five positively correlated safety climate factors: leadership, teamwork, safety systems, communication and working conditions. Reliability coefficients were satisfactory for the safety climate factors (α > 0.7) and overall (α = 0.93). Conclusions: The robust nature of the technical design and testing process has resulted in the development of an instrument with sufficient psychometric properties, which can be implemented in the community pharmacy setting in NHS Scotland
View less >
View more >Rationale, aims and objectives: A positive and strong safety culture underpins effective learning from patient safety incidents in health care, including the community pharmacy (CP) setting. To build this culture, perceptions of safety climate must be measured with context-specific and reliable instruments. No pre-existing instruments were specifically designed or suitable for CP within Scotland. We therefore aimed to develop a psychometrically sound instrument to measure perceptions of safety climate within Scottish CPs. Methods: The first stage, development of a preliminary instrument, comprised three steps: (i) a literature review; (ii) focus group feedback; and (iii) content validation. The second stage, psychometric testing, consisted of three further steps: (iv) a pilot survey; (v) a survey of all CP staff within a single health board in NHS Scotland; and (vi) application of statistical methods, including principal components analysis and calculation of Cronbach’s reliability coefficients, to derive the final instrument. Results The preliminary questionnaire was developed through a process of literature review and feedback. This questionnaire was completed by staff in 50 CPs from the 131 (38%) sampled. 250 completed questionnaires were suitable for analysis. Psychometric evaluation resulted in a 30-item instrument with five positively correlated safety climate factors: leadership, teamwork, safety systems, communication and working conditions. Reliability coefficients were satisfactory for the safety climate factors (α > 0.7) and overall (α = 0.93). Conclusions: The robust nature of the technical design and testing process has resulted in the development of an instrument with sufficient psychometric properties, which can be implemented in the community pharmacy setting in NHS Scotland
View less >
Journal Title
Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
Volume
20
Issue
6
Copyright Statement
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Development and psychometric testing of an instrument to measure safety climate perceptions in community pharmacy, Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, Volume 20, Issue 6, Pages 1144-1152, 2014, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.12273. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving (http://olabout.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-828039.html)
Subject
Medical and Health Sciences not elsewhere classified
Public Health and Health Services