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dc.contributor.authorSchwartz, Jeffrey
dc.contributor.authorL. Morrison, Janna
dc.date.accessioned2017-05-03T11:46:05Z
dc.date.available2017-05-03T11:46:05Z
dc.date.issued2005
dc.identifier.issn03636119
dc.identifier.doi10.1152/ajpregu.00698.2004
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10072/29075
dc.description.abstractThe physiology of fetal programming is a quickly maturing science. Whereas initial studies established and expanded our perception of the phenomenon, more recent studies have begun to focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the physiological changes considered to be programming. The reader who is unfamiliar with fetal programming is directed to an ever-expanding body of excellent works that review the history and survey a broad spectrum of scientific findings in the area. Aside from the recent references most familiar to the authors (1-3, 9, 12, 16-18, 20, 21, 24, 31, 32, 37, 39, 44-46) are many others, including special issues of Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism (vol. 13, 2002) and British Medical Bulletin (vol. 60, 2001). While the concept of physiological programming is now widely accepted, it is fair to say that a precise definition remains a subject of discussion, or at least a definition that is still evolving. Initially, programming was perhaps too simply associated with deprivation during fetal gestation and small weight at birth. This provided us with a working definition of programming that related adjustments made during fetal life in response to adverse changes in the biological environment with permanent consequences that may have been advantageous in fetal life but confer disease after birth. One key example of this is the "thrifty phenotype" hypothesis (22, 23). That is, in order to maintain viable growth and development through episodes of maternal food restriction, genetic changes favoring the storage of metabolic energy become predominant in the fetus. After birth, the pattern of expression of these genes can alter insulin sensitivity and otherwise impair metabolic regulation. More recent studies of programming include models with abundance, as well as deprivation, and changes to the biological environment that may occur long before or after fetal life. In any event, the end point of the adjustments remains one or more altered physiological regulatory systems. The aim of this essay is to survey some of the most recent literature on the early programming of physiological regulatory systems, focusing on mechanisms and relating the latest findings to those reported in previous studies. The subjects of this essay encompass a wide variety of model systems and broad spectrum of programming effects.
dc.description.peerreviewedYes
dc.description.publicationstatusYes
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherAmerican Physiological Society
dc.publisher.placeUSA
dc.relation.ispartofstudentpublicationN
dc.relation.ispartofpagefromR11
dc.relation.ispartofpagetoR15
dc.relation.ispartofjournalAmerican Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
dc.relation.ispartofvolume288
dc.rights.retentionY
dc.subject.fieldofresearchBiological sciences
dc.subject.fieldofresearchZoology not elsewhere classified
dc.subject.fieldofresearchBiomedical and clinical sciences
dc.subject.fieldofresearchMedical physiology not elsewhere classified
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode31
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode310999
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode32
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode320899
dc.titleImpact and mechanisms of fetal physiological programming
dc.typeJournal article
dc.type.descriptionC1 - Articles
dc.type.codeC - Journal Articles
gro.rights.copyrightSelf-archiving of the author-manuscript version is not yet supported by this journal. Please refer to the journal link for access to the definitive, published version or contact the author[s] for more information.
gro.date.issued2015-02-04T04:25:39Z
gro.hasfulltextNo Full Text
gro.griffith.authorSchwartz, Jeffrey


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