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dc.contributor.authorNeedham, Mark D.
dc.contributor.authorSzuster, Brian W.
dc.contributor.authorMora, Camilo
dc.contributor.authorLesar, Laura
dc.contributor.authorAnders, Emma
dc.date.accessioned2017-08-28T04:57:01Z
dc.date.available2017-08-28T04:57:01Z
dc.date.issued2017
dc.identifier.issn0966-9582
dc.identifier.doi10.1080/09669582.2016.1274319
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10072/344993
dc.description.abstractScuba diving and snorkeling with manta rays (M. birostris, M. alfredi) at sites in Hawaii, USA, have become popular, with upward of 30 tour boats and 300 participants daily. This article examined whether conflicts are occurring within and between these activities and if so, what types of conflict are prevalent and how would participants respond (support restrictions, sanction others). Data from surveys of 444 participants following evening trips to view manta rays showed that 79% of snorkelers experienced in-group conflict with other snorkelers, and 53% of scuba divers reported conflict with other divers. Most conflicts were interpersonal (physical interactions among individuals interfering with experiences). Conflict behaviors included bumping into people (up to 92%), not being aware (up to 73%), and blinding people with underwater flashlights (up to 56%). There were fewer out-group conflicts between different activities (snorkelers vs. scuba divers) and minimal social values conflicts (negative preconceptions, no physical interactions among individuals). Participants supported limiting numbers of snorkelers, scuba divers, and boats, and providing education on how to behave with others. Those experiencing conflicts were more supportive of these strategies and more likely to directly sanction participants causing conflicts, but were not more likely to indirectly sanction managers and operators.
dc.description.peerreviewedYes
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherRoutledge
dc.relation.ispartofpagefrom1367
dc.relation.ispartofpageto1384
dc.relation.ispartofissue10
dc.relation.ispartofjournalJournal of Sustainable Tourism
dc.relation.ispartofvolume25
dc.subject.fieldofresearchTourism not elsewhere classified
dc.subject.fieldofresearchBusiness and Management
dc.subject.fieldofresearchTourism
dc.subject.fieldofresearchHuman Geography
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode150699
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode1503
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode1506
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode1604
dc.titleManta ray tourism: interpersonal and social values conflicts, sanctions, and management
dc.typeJournal article
dc.type.descriptionC1 - Articles
dc.type.codeC - Journal Articles
gro.hasfulltextNo Full Text
gro.griffith.authorLesar, Laura N.


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