Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

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Author(s)
Hay, Simon I
Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu
Abate, Kalkidan Hassen
Abbafati, Cristiana
Abbas, Kaja M
Abd-Allah, Foad
Abdulle, Abdishakur M
Abebo, Teshome Abuka
Abera, Semaw Ferede
Aboyans, Victor
Abu-Raddad, Laith J
Ackerman, Ilana N
Adedeji, Isaac A
Adetokunboh, Olatunji
Afshin, Ashkan
Aggarwal, Rakesh
Agrawal, Sutapa
Agrawal, Anurag
Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad
Ahmed, Muktar Beshir
Aichour, Amani Nidhal
Aichour, Ibtihel
Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine
Aiyar, Sneha
Akinyemiju, Tomi F
Akseer, Nadia
Al Lami, Faris Hasan
Alahdab, Fares
Al-Aly, Ziyad
Alam, Khurshid
Alam, Noore
Alam, Tahiya
Alasfoor, Deena
Alene, Kefyalew Addis
Ali, Raghib
Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza
Alkaabi, Juma M
Alkerwi, Ala'a
Alla, Francois
Allebeck, Peter
Allen, Christine
Al-Maskari, Fatma
AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz
Al-Raddadi, Rajaa
Alsharif, Ubai
Alsowaidi, Shirina
Althouse, Benjamin M
Altirkawi, Khalid A
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
Amare, Azmeraw T
Amini, Erfan
Ammar, Walid
Ampem, Yaw Amoako
Ansha, Mustafa Geleto
Antonio, Carl Abelardo T
Anwari, Palwasha
Arnlov, Johan
Arora, Megha
Al, Artaman
Aryal, Krishna Kumar
Asgedom, Solomon W
Atey, Tesfay Mehari
Atnafu, Niguse Tadele
Avila-Burgos, Leticia
Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur
Awasthi, Ashish
Awasthi, Shally
Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala
Azarpazhooh, Mahmoud Reza
Azzopardi, Peter
Babalola, Tesleem Kayode
Bacha, Umar
Badawi, Alaa
Balakrishnan, Kalpana
Bannick, Marlena S
Barac, Aleksandra
Barker-Collo, Suzanne L
Barnighausen, Till
Barquera, Simon
Barrero, Lope H
Basu, Sanjay
Battista, Robert
Battle, Katherine E
Baune, Bernhard T
Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad
Beardsley, Justin
Bedi, Neeraj
Bejot, Yannick
Bekele, Bayu Begashaw
Bell, Michelle L
Bennett, Derrick A
Bennett, James R
Bensenor, Isabela M
Benson, Jennifer
Berhane, Adugnaw
Berhe, Derbew Fikadu
Bernabe, Eduardo
Betsu, Balem Demtsu
Beuran, Mircea
Beyene, Addisu Shunu
Bhansali, Anil
Bhatt, Samir
Bhutta, Zulfiqar A
Biadgilign, Sibhatu
Bienhoff, Kelly
Bikbov, Boris
Birungi, Charles
Biryukov, Stan
Bisanzio, Donal
Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie
Blyth, Fiona M
Boneya, Dube Jara
Bose, Dipan
Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R
Bourne, Rupert RA
Brainin, Michael
Brayne, Carol EG
Brazinova, Alexandra
Breitborde, Nicholas JK
Briant, Paul S
Britton, Gabrielle
Brugha, Traolach S
Buchbinder, Rachelle
Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto
Bumgarner, Blair
Butt, Zahid A
Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero
Cameron, Ewan
Ricardo Campos-Nonato, Ismael
Carabin, Helene
Cardenas, Rosario
Carpenter, David O
Carrero, Juan Jesus
Carter, Austin
Carvalho, Felix
Casey, Daniel
Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A
Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo
Castle, Chris D
Catala-Lopez, Ferran
Chang, Jung-Chen
Charlson, Fiona J
Chaturvedi, Pankaj
Chen, Honglei
Chibalabala, Mirriam
Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne
Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe
Chitheer, Abdulaal A
Chowdhury, Rajiv
Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas
Ciobanu, Liliana G
Cirillo, Massimo
Colombara, Danny
Cooper, Leslie Trumbull
Cooper, Cyrus
Cortesi, Paolo Angelo
Cortinovis, Monica
Criqui, Michael H
Cromwell, Elizabeth A
Cross, Marita
Crump, John A
Dadi, Abel Fekadu
Dalal, Koustuv
Damasceno, Albertino
Dandona, Lalit
Dandona, Rakhi
das Neves, Jose
Davitoiu, Dragos V
Davletov, Kairat
de Courten, Barbora
de Leo, Diego
De Steur, Hans
Degenhardt, Louisa
Deiparine, Selina
Dellavalle, Robert P
Deribe, Kebede
Deribew, Amare
Des Jarlais, Don C
Dey, Subhojit
Dharmaratne, Samath D
Dhillon, Preet K
Dicker, Daniel
Djalalinia, Shirin
Huyen, Phuc Do
Dokova, Klara
Doku, David Teye
Dorsey, E Ray
Bender dos Santos, Kadine Priscila
Driscoll, Tim R
Dubey, Manisha
Duncan, Bruce Bartholow
Ebel, Beth E
Echko, Michelle
El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad
Enayati, Ahmadali
Endries, Aman Yesuf
Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich
Erskine, Holly E
Eshetie, Setegn
Eshrati, Babak
Esteghamati, Alireza
Estep, Kara
Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele
Farag, Tamer
Sofia, Carla
Farinha, Sa
Faro, Andre
Farzadfar, Farshad
Fazeli, Mir Sohail
Feigin, Valery L
Feigl, Andrea B
Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad
Fernandes, Joao C
Ferrari, Alize J
Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa
Filip, Irina
Fischer, Florian
Fitzmaurice, Christina
Flaxman, Abraham D
Foigt, Nataliya
Foreman, Kyle J
Franklin, Richard C
Frostad, Joseph J
Fullman, Nancy
Furst, Thomas
Furtado, Joao M
Futran, Neal D
Gakidou, Emmanuela
Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L
Gebre, Teshome
Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe
Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde
Geleijnse, Johanna M
Geleto, Ayele
Gemechu, Bikila Lencha
Gesesew, Hailay Abrha
Gething, Peter W
Ghajar, Alireza
Gibney, Katherine B
Gillum, Richard F
Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed
Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo
Giussani, Giorgia
Godwin, William W
Goel, Kashish
Goenka, Shifalika
Goldberg, Ellen M
Gona, Philimon N
Goodridge, Amador
Gopalani, Sameer Vali
Gosselin, Richard A
Gotay, Carolyn C
Goto, Atsushi
Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho
Graetz, Nicholas
Gugnani, Harish Chander
Gupta, Rajeev
Gupta, Prakash C
Gupta, Tanush
Gupta, Vipin
Gupta, Rahul
Gutierrez, Reyna A
Hachinski, Vladimir
Hafezi-Nejad, Nima
Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne
Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa
Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi
Hamidi, Samer
Hammami, Mouhanad
Handal, Alexis J
Hankey, Graeme J
Hao, Yuantao
Harb, Hilda L
Hareri, Habtamu Abera
Haro, Josep Maria
Harun, Kimani M
Harvey, James
Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh
Havmoeller, Rasmus
Hay, Roderick J
Hedayati, Mohammad T
Hendrie, Delia
Henry, Nathaniel J
Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz
Heydarpour, Pouria
Hoek, Hans W
Hoffman, Howard J
Horino, Masako
Horita, Nobuyuki
Hosgood, H Dean
Hostiuc, Sorin
Hotez, Peter J
Hoy, Damian G
Htet, Aung Soe
Hu, Guoqing
Huang, John J
Huynh, Chantal
Iburg, Kim Moesgaard
Igumbor, Ehimario Uche
Ikeda, Chad
Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter
Jacobsen, Kathryn H
Jahanmehr, Nader
Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B
James, Peter
Jassal, Simerjot K
Javanbakht, Mehdi
Jayaraman, Sudha P
Jeemon, Panniyammakal
Jensen, Paul N
Jha, Vivekanand
Jiang, Guohong
John, Denny
Johnson, Catherine O
Johnson, Sarah Charlotte
Jonas, Jost B
Jurisson, Mikk
Kabir, Zubair
Kadel, Rajendra
Kahsay, Amaha
Kamal, Ritul
Kar, Chittaranjan
Karam, Nadim E
Karch, Andre
Karema, Corine Kakizi
Karimi, Seyed M
Karimkhani, Chante
Kasaeian, Amir
Kassa, Getachew Mullu
Kassebaum, Nicholas J
Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa
Kastor, Anshul
Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal
Kaul, Anil
Kawakami, Norito
Keiyoro, Peter Njenga
Kemmer, Laura
Kengne, Andre Pascal
Keren, Andre
Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair
Khader, Yousef Saleh
Khalil, Ibrahim A
Khan, Ejaz Ahmad
Khang, Young-Ho
Khoja, Abdullah T
Khosravi, Ardeshir
Khubchandani, Jagdish
Kieling, Christian
Kim, Yun Jin
Kim, Daniel
Kimokoti, Ruth W
Kinfu, Yohannes
Kisa, Adnan
Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A
Kissoon, Niranjan
Kivimaki, Mika
Knudsen, Ann Kristin
Kokubo, Yoshihiro
Kolte, Dhaval
Kopec, Jacek A
Kosen, Soewarta
Kotsakis, Georgios A
Koul, Parvaiz A
Koyanagi, Ai
Kravchenko, Michael
Krohn, Kristopher J
Defo, Barthelemy Kuate
Bicer, Burcu Kucuk
Kumar, G Anil
Kumar, Pushpendra
Kyu, Hmwe H
Lager, Anton Carl Jonas
Lal, Dharmesh Kumar
Lalloo, Ratilal
Lallukka, Tea
Lambert, Nkurunziza
Lan, Qing
Lansingh, Van C
Larsson, Anders
Leasher, Janet L
Lee, Paul H
Leigh, James
Leshargie, Cheru Tesema
Leung, Janni
Leung, Ricky
Levi, Miriam
Li, Yichong
Li, Yongmei
Liang, Xiaofeng
Liben, Misgan Legesse
Lim, Stephen S
Linn, Shai
Liu, Angela
Liu, Patrick Y
Liu, Shiwei
Liu, Yang
Lodha, Rakesh
Logroscino, Giancarlo
Looker, Katharine J
Lopez, Alan D
Lorkowski, Stefan
Lotufo, Paulo A
Lozano, Rafael
Lucas, Timothy CD
Lunevicius, Raimundas
Lyons, Ronan A
Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King
Maddison, Emilie R
Abd el Razek, Hassan Magdy
Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos
Mahdavi, Mahdi
Majdan, Marek
Majdzadeh, Reza
Majeed, Azeem
Malekzadeh, Reza
Malhotra, Rajesh
Malta, Deborah Carvalho
Mamun, Abdullah A
Manguerra, Helena
Manhertz, Treh
Mantovani, Lorenzo G
Mapoma, Chabila C
March, Lyn M
Marczak, Laurie B
Martinez-Raga, Jose
Henrique, Paulo
Martins, Viegas
Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlndio
Martopullo, Ira
Marz, Winfried
Mathur, Manu Raj
Mazidi, Mohsen
McAlinden, Colm
McGaughey, Madeline
McGrath, John J
Mckee, Martin
Mehata, Suresh
Meier, Toni
Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam
Memiah, Peter
Memish, Ziad A
Mendoza, Walter
Mengesha, Melkamu Merid
Mengistie, Mubarek Abera
Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese
Mensah, George A
Meretoja, Atte
Meretoja, Tuomo J
Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane
Micha, Renata
Millear, Anoushka
Miller, Ted R
Minnig, Shawn
Mirarefin, Mojde
Mirrakhimov, Erkin M
Misganaw, Awoke
Mishra, Shiva Raj
Mitchell, Philip B
Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin
Mohammadi, Alireza
Mohammed, Shafiu
Mohammed, Kedir Endris
Mohammed, Muktar Sano Kedir
Mohan, Murali BV
Mokdad, Ali H
Mollenkopf, Sarah K
Monasta, Lorenzo
Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar
Montico, Marcella
Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar
Moraga, Paula
Morawska, Lidia
Mori, Rintaro
Morrison, Shane D
Moses, Mark
Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff
Mruts, Kalayu Birhane
Mueller, Ulrich O
Muller, Kate
Mudoch, Michele E
Murthy, Srinivas
Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana
Musa, Kamarul Imran
Nachega, Jean B
Nagel, Gabriele
Naghavi, Mohsen
Naheed, Aliya
Naidoo, Kovin S
Nangia, Vinay
Nasher, Jamal T
Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan
Negasa, Dumessa Edessa
Negoi, Ionut
Negoi, Ruxandra Irina
Newton, Charles R
Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku
Cuong, Tat Nguyen
Quyen, Le Nguyen
Grant, Nguyen
Trang, Huyen Nguyen
Minh, Nguyen
Nichols, Emma
Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini
Vuong, Minh Nong
Norheim, Ole F
Norrving, Bo
Noubiap, Jean Jacques N
Nyandwi, Alypio
Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf
O'Donnell, Martin J
Ogbo, Felix Akpojene
Oh, In-Hwan
Okoro, Anselm
Oladimeji, Olanrewaju
Olagunju, Andrew Toyin
Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi
Olsen, Helen E
Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola
Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun
Ong, Kanyin
Opio, John Nelson
Oren, Eyal
Ortiz, Alberto
Osborne, Richard H
Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron
Osman, Majdi
Ota, Erika
Owolabi, Mayowa O
Pa, Mahesh
Pacella, Rosana E
Panda, Basant Kumar
Pandian, Jeyaraj D
Papachristou, Christina
Park, Eun-Kee
Parry, Charles D
Parsaeian, Mahboubeh
Patil, Snehal T
Patten, Scott B
Patton, George C
Paudel, Deepak
Paulson, Katherine
Pearce, Neil
Pereira, David M
Perez, Krystle Marie
Perico, Norberto
Pesudovs, Konrad
Peterson, Carrie Beth
Petri, William Arthur
Petzold, Max
Phillips, Michael Robert
Phipps, Geoffrey
Pigott, David M
Pillay, Julian David
Pinho, Christine
Piradov, Michael A
Plass, Dietrich
Pletcher, Martin A
Popova, Svetlana
Poulton, Richie G
Pourmalek, Farshad
Prabhakaran, Dorairaj
Prasad, Narayan
Purcell, Carrie
Purwar, Manorama
Qorbani, Mostafa
Rabiee, Rynaz HS
Radfar, Amir
Rafay, Anwar
Rahimi, Kazem
Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin
Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa
Rahman, Mahfuzar
Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur
Rai, Rajesh Kumar
Rajsic, Sasa
Ram, Usha
Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal
Rangaswamy, Thara
Rankin, Zane
Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya
Rao, Puja C
Rawaf, Salman
Ray, Sarah E
Reiner, Robert C
Reinig, Nikolas
Reitsma, Marissa
Remuzzi, Giuseppe
Renzaho, Andre MN
Resnikoff, Serge
Rezaei, Satar
Ribeiro, Antonio L
Roba, Hirbo Shore
Robinson, Stephen R
Rojas-Rueda, David
Rokni, Mohammad Bagher
Ronfani, Luca
Roshandel, Gholamreza
Roth, Gregory A
Rothenbacher, Dietrich
Roy, Ambuj
Rubagotti, Enrico
Ruhago, George Mugambage
Saadat, Soheil
Safdarian, Mahdi
Safiri, Saeid
Sagar, Rajesh
Sahathevan, Ramesh
Sahraian, Mohammad Ali
Salama, Joseph
Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad
Salomon, Joshua A
Salvi, Sundeep Santosh
Samy, Abdallah M
Sanabria, Juan Ramon
Dolores Sanchez-Nino, Maria
Santomauro, Damian
Santos, Joao Vasco
Santos, Itamar S
Milicevic, Milena M Santric
Sartorius, Benn
Satpathy, Maheswar
Sawhney, Monika
Saxena, Sonia
Schelonka, Kathryn
Schmidt, Maria Ines
Schneider, Ione JC
Ben, Schottker
Schutte, Aletta E
Schwebel, David C
Schwendicke, Falk
Seedat, Soraya
Sepanlou, Sadaf G
Servan-Mori, Edson E
Shaheen, Amira
Shaikh, Masood Ali
Shamsipour, Mansour
Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
Sharma, Rajesh
Sharma, Jayendra
She, Jun
Shi, Peilin
Shibuya, Kenji
Shields, Chloe
Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay
Shigematsu, Mika
Shiri, Rahman
Shirkoohi, Reza
Shirude, Shreya
Shishani, Kawkab
Shoman, Haitham
Siabani, Soraya
Sibai, Abla Mehio
Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora
Silberberg, Donald H
Silva, Joao Pedro
Santos Silva, Diego Augusto
Alves Silveira, Dayane Gabriele
Singh, Jasvinder A
Singh, Virendra
Singh, Om Prakash
Singh, Narinder Pal
Sinha, Dhirendra Narain
Skiadaresi, Eirini
Skirbekk, Vegard
Slepak, Erica Leigh
Smith, David L
Smith, Mari
Sobaih, Badr HA
Sobngwi, Eugene
Soljak, Michael
Sorensen, Reed JD
Moraes Sousa, Tatiane Cristina
Sposato, Luciano A
Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale
Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi
Sunguya, Bruno F
Sur, Patrick J
Swaminathan, Soumya
Sykes, Bryan L
Sylte, Dillon
Szoeke, Cassandra EI
Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael
Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar
Taffere, Getachew Redae
Takala, Jukka S
Tandon, Nikhil
Tanne, David
Tarekegn, Yihunie L
Tavakkoli, Mohammad
Taveira, Nuno
Taylor, Hugh R
Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw
Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash
Tekelab, Tesfalidet
Shifa, Girma Temam
Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman
Tesfaye, Dawit Jember
Tesssema, Belay
Thakur, JS
Thamsuwan, Ornwipa
Theadom, Alice M
Theis, Andrew M
Thomas, Katie E
Thomas, Nihal
Thompson, Robert
Thrift, Amanda G
Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan
Tobollik, Myriam
Tonelli, Marcello
Topor-Madry, Roman
Tortajada, Miguel
Touvier, Mathilde
Traebert, Jefferson
Tran, Bach Xuan
Troeger, Christopher
Truelsen, Thomas
Tsoi, Derrick
Tuzcu, Emin Murat
Tymeson, Hayley
Tyrovolas, Stefanos
Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna
Undurraga, Eduardo A
Uneke, Chigozie Jesse
Updike, Rachel
Uthman, Olalekan A
Uzochukwu, Benjamin S Chudi
van Boven, Job FM
Varughese, Santosh
Vasankari, Tommi
Veerman, Lennert J
Venkatesh, S
Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy
Vidavalur, Ramesh
Vijayakumar, Lakshmi
Violante, Francesco S
Vishnu, Abhishek
Vladimirov, Sergey K
Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich
Vollset, Stein Emil
Vos, Theo
Wadilo, Fiseha
Wakayo, Tolassa
Wallin, Mitchell T
Wang, Yuan-Pang
Weichenthal, Scott
Weiderpass, Elisabete
Weintraub, Robert G
Weiss, Daniel J
Werdecker, Andrea
Westerman, Ronny
Whiteford, Harvey A
Wijeratne, Tissa
Williams, Hywel C
Wiysonge, Charles Shey
Woldeyes, Belete Getahun
Wolfe, Charles DA
Woodbrook, Rachel
Woolf, Anthony D
Workicho, Abdulhalik
Xavier, Denis
Xu, Gelin
Yadgir, Simon
Yaghoubi, Mohsen
Yakob, Bereket
Yan, Lijing L
Yano, Yuichiro
Ye, Pengpeng
Yihdego, Mahari Gidey
Yimam, Hassen Hamid
Yip, Paul
Yonemoto, Naohiro
Yoon, Seok-Jun
Yotebieng, Marcel
Younis, Mustafa Z
Yu, Chuanhua
Zaidi, Zoubida
Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed
Zegeye, Elias Asfaw
Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew
Zhang, Xueying
Zheng, Yingfeng
Zhou, Maigeng
Zipkin, Ben
Zodpey, Sanjay
Zoeckler, Leo
Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna
Murray, Christopher JL
Griffith University Author(s)
Year published
2017
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Background:
Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of ...
View more >Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9–78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8–75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0–49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0–44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97–6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74–6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08–6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61–1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69–2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (–2·3% [–5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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View more >Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9–78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8–75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0–49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0–44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97–6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74–6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08–6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61–1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69–2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (–2·3% [–5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Journal Title
The Lancet
Volume
390
Issue
10100
Copyright Statement
© The Author(s) 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Subject
Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified
Medical and Health Sciences
Publication URI
Collection
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Liang, Juan; Hang, Xiaofeng; Liben, Misgan Legesse; Lim, Lee-Ling; Limenih, Miteku Andualem; Linn, Shai; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Yang; Lodha, Rakesh; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Lopez, Alan D; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A; Lucchesi, Lydia R; Lyons, Ronan A; Macarayan, Ellyn Rachelle King; Mackay, Mark T; Maddison, Emilie R; Madotto, Fabiana; Maghavani, Dhaval P; Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos; Mahotra, Narayan Bahadur; Majdan, Marek; Majdzadeh, Reza; Majeed, Azeern; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvallo; Mamun, Abdullah A; Manda, Ana-Laura; Rano-Filho, Luiz Garcia Manda; Mangalam, Srikanth; Manguerra, Helena; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mapoma, Chabila Christopher; Maravilla, Joemer C; Marcenes, Wagner; Marks, Ashley; Martin, Randall V; Martins, Sheila CO; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Madopullo, Ira; Mashamba-Thompson, Tivani Phosa; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Mathin, Mann Raj; Maulik, Pallab K; Mazidi, Mohsen; McAlinden, Colm; McGrath, John J; McKee, Martin; McMahon, Brian J; Mehata, Suresh; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mehta, Kala M; Mehta, Varshil; Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola; Mekonen, Tesfa; Mekonnen, Tefera C Chaise; Meles, Hagazi Gebre; Melese, Addisu; Melku, Mulugeta; Memiah, Peter TN; Memish, Ziad A; Mendoza, Walter; Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese; Mengistu, Getnet; Mensah, George A; Mensink, Gert BM; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Millear, Anoushka I; Miller, Ted R; Miller-Petrie, Molly Katherine; Milne, George J; Mini, GK; Minnig, Shawn P; Mirabi, Parvaneh; Mirarefin, Mojde; Mintakhimoty, Erkin M; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Mitchell, Philip B; Moazen, Babak; Moghadamnia, Ali Akbar; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mohammadi, Moslem; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa; Mohammed, Mohammed A; Mohammed, Shafm; Mohan, Murali BV; Mohan, Viswanathan; Mohebi, Farnam; Moltra, Modhurima; Mokdad, Ali H; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; 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Weiderpass, Elisabete; Weintraub, Robert G; Weiss, Jordan; Weldegebreal, Fitsum; Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey; Werdecker, Andrea; Ayaliew, Adhena; West, Werkneff T Loin; Westerman, Ronny; Whisnant, Joanna L; Whiteford, Harvey A; Widecka, Justyna; Widecka, Katarzyna; Wijeratne, Tissa; Wither, Lauren B; Winkler, Andrea Sylvia; Wiyeh, Alison B; Wiysonge, Charles Shey; Wolde, Haileab Fekadu; Wolfe, Charles DA; Wu, Shouling; Xavier, Denis; Xu, Gelin; Xu, Rising; Yadollahpour, Ali; Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh; Yakob, Bereket; Yamada, Tomohide; Tan, Lijing L; Yano, Yuichiro; Yaseri, Mehdi; Yasin, Yasin Jemal; Ye, Pengpeng; Tearwood, Jamal A; Yeshaneh, Alex; Yimer, Ebrahirn M; Yip, Paul; Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn; Yisma, Engida; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Tonga, Gerald; Toon, Seok-Jun; Yotebieng, Marcel; Younis, Mustafa Z; Yousefifard, Mahmoud; Yu, Chuanhua; Bin Zaman, Sojib; Zamani, Mohammad; Zara, Zohreh; Zavala-Arciniega, Luis; Zegeye, Desalegn Tegabu; Zegeye, Elias Asfaw; Zeleke, Ayalew Jejaw; Zendehdel, Kazem; Zerfit, Taddese Alemu; Zhang, Anthony Lin; Zhang, Xiteying; Zhou, Maigeng; Zhu, Jun; Zimsen, Stephanie RM; Zodpey, Sanjay; Zoeckler, Leo; Zucker, Inbar; Zuhlke, Liesel Joanna J; Lim, Stephen S; Murray, Christopher JL (LANCET, 2018)Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver ...JOURNAL ARTICLE -
Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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Er, Benjamin; Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich; Eshrati, Babak; Eskandarieff, Sharareh; Esmaeili, Reza; Esteghamati, Alireza; Esteghamati, Sadaf; Fakhar, Matadi; Fakhim, Named; Farag, Tamer; Faramarzi, Mahbobelh; Fareed, Mohammad; Farhadi, Farzaneh; Farid, Talha A; Farinha, Carla Sofia E Sa; Farioli, Andrea; Faro, Andre; Farvid, Maryam S; Farzadfar, Farshad; Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein; Farzeli, Mir Sohail; Feigin, Valery L; Feigl, Andrea B; Feizy, Fariba; Fentahum, Netsanet; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Fernandes, Joao C; Feyissa, Garumma Tolu; Fijabi, Daniel Obadare; Filip, Irina; Finegold, Samuel; Fischer, Florian; Flor, Luisa Sorio; Foigt, Nataliya A; Ford, John A; Foreman, Kyle J; Harrod, Carla; Frank, Tahvi D; Franklin, Richard Charles; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Fuller, John E; Fullman, Nancy; Furst, Thomas; Furtado, Joao M; Futran, Neal D; Galan, Adriana; Gallus, Silvano; Gambashidze, Ketevan; Gamkrelidze, Amiran; Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L; Garcia-Gordillo, Miguel A; Gebre, Teshome; Gebre, Abadi Kahsu; Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berne; Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde; Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay; Gelano, Tilayie Feto; Gelaw, Yalemzewod Assefa; Geleijnse, Johanna N; Genova-Maleras, Ricard; Gessner, Bradford D; Getachew, Sefonias; Gething, Peter W; Gezae, Kebede Embaye; Ghadami, Mohammad Rasold; Ghadimi, Reza; Falavarjani, Khalil Ghasemi; Ghaserni-Kasman, Maryam; Ghiasvand, Hesam; Ghirnire, Mamata; Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K; Gillum, Richard F; Giussani, Giorgia; Goenka, Shifalika; Coll, Srinivas; Gomez, Ricardo Santiago; Gomez-Cabrera, Mari Carmen; Gomez-Dantes, Hector; Gona, Philimon N; Goodridge, Amador; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goto, Atsushi; Goulart, Alessandra C; Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia; Grada, Ayman; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Prakash C; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Tanush; Gyawali, Bishal; Haagsma, Juanita A; Hachinski, Vladimir; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Hagos, Tekleberhan B; Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa; Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Hamadeh, Randah R; Hamidi, Sarver; Handal, Alexis J; Hankey, Graeme J; Harb, Hilda L; Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai; Haririan, Hamidreza; Haro, Josep Maria; Hasan, Mehedi; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hassen, Hamid Yimam; Havmoeller, Rasmus; Hay, Roderick J; Hay, Simon I; He, Yihua; Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akhar; Hegazy, Mohamed I; Heibati, Behzad; Heidari, Mohsen; Hendrie, Delia; Henok, Andualem; Henry, Nathaniel J; Heredia-Pi, Ileana; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; Heydarpour, Pouria; Heydarpour, Sousan; Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw; Hoek, Hans W; Hole, Michael K; Rad, Enayatollah Homaie; Hoogar, Praveen; Horino, Masako; Hosgood, H Dean; Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Sorin; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hotez, Peter J; Hoy, Damian C; Hsairi, Mohamed; Htet, Aung Sae; Hu, Guoqing; Huang, John J; Husseini, Abdullatif; Hussen, Mohammedaman Mama; Hutfless, Susan; Iburg, Kim Moesgaard; Igumbor, Elliman U; Ikeda, Chad Thomas; Illesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Isehunwa, Oluwaseyi Oluwakemi; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islam, Farhad; Jahangiry, Leila; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jain, Rajesh; Jain, Sudhir Kumar; Jakovljevic, Mihail; James, Spencer L; Jayanbakht, Mehdi; Jayaraman, Sudha; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jee, Sun Ha; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S; Johnson, Sarah Charlotte; Jonas, Jost B; Joshi, Ankur; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jungari, Suresh Banayya; Jurisson, Mikk; Madhanraj, K; Kabir, Zubair; Kadel, Rajendra; Kahsay, Amaha; Kahssay, Molla; Kalani, Rizwan; Kapil, Umesh; Karami, Manoochehr; Matin, Behzad Karami; Karch, Andre; Karema, Corine; Karimi, Narges; Karimi, Seyed M; Karimi-Sari, Hamidreza; Kasaeian, Arnir; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale; Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes; Kassebaum, Nicholas J; Katibeh, Marzieh; Katikireddi, Sitinivasa Vittal; Kaul, Anil; Kawakami, Norito; Kazemeini, Hossein; Kazemi, Zhila; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Prakash, KC; Kebede, Seifu; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Kemp, Grant Rodgers; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Keren, Andre; Keresellidze, Maia; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khajavi, Alireza; Khalid, Nauman; Khalil, Ibrahim A; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Gulfaraz; Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb; Khan, Muhammad Ali; Khang, Young-Ho; Khanna, Tripti; Khater, Mona M; Khatony, Alireza; Khazaie, Habibolah; Khoja, Abdullah T; Khosravi, Ardeshir; Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A; Kibret, Getiye D Dejenu; Kim, Cho-il; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Jun Y; Kim, Young-Eun; Kimokoti, Ruth Nv; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kinra, Sanjay; Kisa, Adrian; Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna; Kissoon, Niranjan; Kivimaki, Mika; Kleber, Marcus F; Knibbs, Luke D; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kochhar, Sonali; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Kolola, Tufa; Kopec, Jacek A; Kosek, Margaret N; Kosen, Soewarta; Koul, Parvaiz A; Koyanagi, Ai; Kravchenko, Michael A; Kristian, Kewal; Krishnaswami, Sanjay; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kudom, Andreas A; Kuipers, Ernst J; Kulikoff, Xie Rachel; Kumar, G Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kumar, Pushpendra; Kumsa, Fekede Asefa; Kutz, Michael J; Lad, Sheetal D; Lafranconi, Alessandra; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lam, Hilton; Lami, Faris Hasan; Lan, Qing; Langan, Sinead M; Lansingh, Van C; Torisky, Sonia; Larson, Heidi Jane; Laryea, Dennis Odai; Lassi, Zohra S; Latifi, Arman; Lavados, Pablo M; Laxmaiah, Anita; Lazarus, Jeffrey V; Lebedev, Georgy; Lee, Paul H; Leigh, James; Leshargie, Cheru Tesema; Leta, Samson; Levi, Miriam; Li, Shanshan; Li, Yichong; Li, Xiaohong; Hang, Juan; Liang, Xiaofeng; Liben, Misgan Legesse; Lim, Lee-Ling; Lim, Stephen S; Limenih, Miteku Andualem; Linn, Shai; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Yang; Lodha, Rakesh; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Lonsdale, Chris; Lorch, Scott A; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A; Lozano, Rafael; Lucas, Tim CD; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lyons, Ronan A; Ma, Stefan; Mabika, Crispin; Macarayam, Erlyn Rachelle King; Mackay, Mark T; Maddison, Emilie R; Maddison, Ralph; Madotto, Fabiana; Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy; Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy; Maghavani, Dhaval P; Majdan, Marek; Majdzadeh, Reza; Majeed, Azeem; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malik, Manzoor Ahmad; Malta, Deborah Carvaho; Mamun, Abdullah A; Manamo, Wondimu Ayele; Manda, Ana-Laura; Mansoumia, Mohammad Ali; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni; Mapoma, Chabila Christopher; Marami, Dadi; Marayilla, Joemer C; Marcenes, Wagner; Marina, Shakhnazarova; Martinez-Raga, Jose; Martins, Sheila CO; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Marz, NXinfried; Marzan, Melvin B; Mashamba-Thompson, Tivani Phosa; Masiye, Felix; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Maulik, Pallab K; Mazidi, Mohsen; McGrath, John J; McKee, Martin; Mehata, Suresh; Mehendale, Sanjay Madhav; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mehta, Kala M; Mehta, Varshil; Mekonen, Tesfa; Mekonnen, Tefera Chane; Meles, Hagazi Gebre; Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam; Melese, Addisu; Melku, Mulugeta; Memiah, Peter TN; Memish, Ziad A; Mendoza, Walter; Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese; Ntengistu, Getnet; Mensah, George A; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane; Miangotar, Yode; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Miller, Ted R; Mini, GK; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Moazen, Babak; Moges, Nurilign Abebe; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mohammadi, Moslem; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, Maryam; Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohammed, Mohammed A; Mohan, Viswanathan; Mokdad, Ali H; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Mahmoudreza; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradinazar, Mehdi; Moraga, Paula; Morawska, Lidia; Velasquez, This Moreno; Morgado-da-Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosapour, Abbas; Moschos, Marilita M; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Muche, Achenef Asmamaw; Muchie, Kindie Fentahun; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath; Mullany, Erin C; Muller, Kate; Murhekar, Manoj; Murphy, Tasha B; Murthy, GVS; Murthy, Srinivas; Musa, Jonah; Musa, Kargartil Imran; Mustafa, Ghulam; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Nachega, Jean B; Nagel, Gabriele; Naghavi, NIohsen; Naheed, Aliya; Nahvijou, Azin; Naik, Gurudatta; Nair, Sanjeev; Najafi, Farid; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Nawaz, Haseeb; Ncama, Busisiwe P; Neamati, Nahid; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Neupane, Subas; Newton, Charles Richard James; Ngalesoni, Frida N; Ngunjiri, Josephine W; Ha, Thu Nguyen; Huong, Thanh Nguyen; Long, Hoang Nguyen; Michele, Nguyen; Trang, Huyen Nguyen; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Nirayo, Yirga Legesse; Nisar, Muhammad Imran; Nixon, Molly R; Nolutshungu, Nomonde; Nomura, Shuhei; Norheim, Ole F; Noroozi, Mehdi; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nouri, Hamid Reza; Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour; Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza; Nsoesie, Elaine O; Nyasulu, Peter S; Ofori-Asenso, Richard; Ogah, Okechukwu Samuel; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oh, In-Hwan; Okoro, Anselm; Oladimeji, Olanrewaju; Olagunju, Andrew T; Olagunju, Tinuke O; Olivares, Pedro R; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubuktmola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Ong, Sok King; Opio, John Nelson; Oren, Eyal; Ortiz, Justin R; Ortiz, Alberto; Ota, Erika; Otstavnov, Stanislav S; Overland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo; Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel; Mahesh, PA; Pacella, Rosana; Pakhale, Smita; Pakhare, Abhijit P; Pana, Adrian; Panda, Basant Kumar; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitu; Pandey, Achyut Raj; Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai; Parisi, Andrea; Park, Eun-Kee; Parry, Charles DH; Parsian, Hadi; Patel, Shanti; Patle, Ajay; Patten, Scott B; Patton, George C; Paudel, Deepak; Pearce, Neil; Peprah, Emmanuel K; Pereira, Alexandre; Pereira, David M; Perez, Krystle M; Perico, Norberto; Pervaiz, Aslam; Pesudovs, Konrad; Petri, William A; Petzold, Max; Phillips, Michael R; Pigott, David M; Pillay, Julian David; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Pishgar, Farhad; Plass, Dietrich; Polinder, Suzanne; Pond, Constance Dimity; Popova, Svetlana; Postma, Maarten J; Pourmalek, Farshad; Pourshams, Akram; Poustchi, Hossein; Prabhakaran, Dorairaj; Prakash, V; Prakash, Swayam; Prasad, Narayan; Qorbani, Mostafa; Quistberg, D Alex; Radfar, Amir; Rafay, Anwar; Rafiei, Alireza; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi, Kazem; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mohammad Hi Ur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahman, Sajjad ur; Rai, Rajesh Kumar; Rajati, Patemeh; Rajsic, Sasa; Raju, Sree Bhushan; Ram, Usha; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Ranjan, Prabhat; Ranta, Anna; Rasella, Davide; Rawaf, David Faith; Rawaf, Salman; Ray, Sarah E; Razo-Garcia, Christian; Rego, Maria Albertina Santiago; Rehm, Juergen; Reiner, Robert C; Reinig, Nickolas; Reis, Cesar; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renzaho, Andre MN; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Satan; Rezaeian, Shahab; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P; Riojas, Horacio; Rios-Blancas, Maria Jesus; Roba, Kedir Teji; Robinson, Stephen R; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Roshandel, Gholargreza; Roshchin, Denis; Rostami, Ali; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Rubagotti, Enrico; Ruhago, George Mugambage; Saadat, Soheil; Sabde, Yogesh Damodar; Sachder, Perminder S; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Safari, Hosein; Safari, Yahya; Safari-Faramani, Roya; Safdarian, Mandi; Safi, Sane; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sajadi, Haniye Sadat; Salahshoor, Mohamadreza; Salam, Nasir; Salama, Joseph S; Salamati, Payman; Saldanha, Raphael de Freitas; Salimi, Yahya; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salz, Inbal; Sambala, Evanson Zondani; Samy, Abdallah M; Sanabria, Juan; Nino, Maria Dolores Sanchez; Santos, Itarnar S; Santos, Joao Vasco; Milicevic, Milena M Santric; Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao; Sardana, Mayank; Sacker, Abdur Razzaque; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sarvi, Shahabeddin; Sathian, Brijesh; Satpathy, Maheswar; Savic, Miloje; Sawant, Artmdhati R; Sawhney, Monika; Saxena, Sonia; Sayyah, Mehdi; Scaria, Vinod; Schadffner, Fake; Schelonka, Kathryn; Schmidt, Maria Ines; Schneider, Ione JC; Schottker, Ben; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth; Schwebel, David C; Schwendicke, Falk; Scott, James G; Sekerija, Mario; Sepanlou, Sadaf G; Servan-Mori, Edson; Shabaninejad, Hosein; Shackelford, Katya Anne; Shafieesabet, Azadeh; Shaheen, Andra A; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shakir, Raad A; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsi, MohammadBagher; Shamsizadeh, Modena; Sharafi, Heidar; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sharit, Mehdi; Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi; Sharma, Meenakshi; Sharma, Jayendra; Sharma, Rajesh; She, Jun; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheth, Kevin N; Shi, Peilin; Shibuya, Kenji; Shifa, Gimia Temam; Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sissy; Shigematsu, Mika; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shiue, Ivy; Shokraneh, Farhad; Shrime, Mark C; Shukla, Sharvari Rahul; Si, Si; Siabani, Soraya; Siddiqi, Tariq J; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silpakit, Nazis; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Silva, Joao Pedro; Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves; Singam, Narayana Sarma Venkata; Singh, Jasvinder A; Singh, Virendra; Sinha, Anju Pradhan; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Sitas, Freddy; Skirbekk, Vegard; Sliwa, Karen; Soares Filho, Adauto Martins; Sobaih, Badr Hasan; Sobhani, Soheila; Soofi, Moslem; Soriano, Joan B; Soyiri, Ireneous N; Sposato, Luciano A; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T; Srinivasan, Vinay; Srivastava, Rakesh Kumar; Starodubov, Vladimir I; Stathopoulou, Vasiliki; Steel, Nicholas; Stein, Dan J; Steiner, Caitlyn; Stewart, Leo G; Stokes, Mark A; Sudaryanto, Agus; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Sulo, Gerhard; Sunguya, Bruno F; Sur, Patrick John; Sutradhar, Ipsita; Sykes, Bryan L; Sylaja, PN; Sylte, Dillon O; Szoeke, Cassandra FI; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar; Takahashi, Ken; Tandon, Nikhil; Tassew, Aberash Abay; Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel; Tavakkoli, Mohammad; Taveira, Nuno; Tawye, Vega Yimer; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw; Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin; Temesgen, Habtamu; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Temsah, Omar; Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman; Teshale, Manaye Yihune; Tessema, Belay; Teweldemedhin, Mebrahtu; Thakur, Jarnail Singh; Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman; Thinmavukkarasu, Sathish; Thomas, Laura Anne; Thomas, Nihal; Thrift, Amanda G; Tilahun, Binyam; To, Quyen G; Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan; Tonelli, Marcello; Topor-Madry, Roman; Topouzis, Fotis; Torre, Anna E; Tortajada-Girbes, Miguel; TIavani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Towbin, Jeffrey A; Bach, Xuan Tran; Khanh, Ban Tran; Tripathi, Suryakant; Tripathy, Srikanth Prasad; Truelsen, Thomas Clement; Nu, Thi Truong; Tsadik, Afewerki Gehremeskel; Tsilimparis, Nikolaos; Car, Lorainne Tudor; Tuzcu, E Murat; Tyrovolas, Stefanos; Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna; Ullah, Irfan; Usman, Muhammad Shaniq; Uthman, Olalekan A; Uzun, Selen Begun; Vaduganathan, Muthiah; Vaezi, Afsane; Vaidya, Gaurang; Valdez, Pascual R; Varavikova, Elena; Varughese, Santosh; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Vidavalur, Ramesh; Villafaina, Santos; Violante, Francesco S; Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch; Vlassov, Vasily; Vollset, Stein Emil; Vos, Theo; Vosoughi, Kia; Vujcic, Isidora S; Wagner, Gregory R; Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew; Waheed, Yasir; Wang, Yanping; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Wassie, Molla Mesele; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Weintraub, Robert G; Weiss, Daniel J; Weiss, Jordan; Weldegebreal, Fitsum; Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey; Werdecker, Andrea; Westerman, Ronny; Whiteford, Harvey A; Widecka, Justyna; Widecka, Katarzyna; Wijeratne, Tissa; Winkler, Andrea Sylvia; Wiysonge, Charles Shey; Wolfe, Charles DA; Wondemagegn, Sintayehu Ambachew; Wu, Shouling; Wyper, Grant MA; Xu, Gelin; Yadav, Rajaram; Yakob, Bereket; Yamada, Tomohide; Yan, Lijing L; Yano, Yuichiro; Yaseri, Mehdi; Yasin, Jemal Yasin; Ye, Pengpeng; Yearwood, Jamal A; Yentur, Gokalp Kadri; Yeshaneh, Alex; Yimer, Ebrahim M; Yip, Paul; Yisma, Engida; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yoon, Seok-Jun; York, Hunter W; Yotebieng, Marcel; Younis, Mustafa Z; Yousefifard, Mahmoud; Yu, Chuanhua; Zachariah, Geevar; Zadnik, Vesna; Zafar, Shamsa; Zaidi, Zoubida; Bin Zaman, Sojib; Zamani, Mohammad; Zare, Zohreh; Zeeb, Hajo; Zeleke, Mulugeta Molla; Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew; Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Zhang, Kai; Zhang, Xueying; Thou, Maigeng; Zhu, Jun; Zodpey, Sanjay; Zucker, Inbar; Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna J; Lopez, Alan D; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Murray, Christopher JI (LANCET, 2018)Background: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of ...JOURNAL ARTICLE -
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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Alashi, Alaa; Alavian, Seyed Moayed; Alene, Kefyalew Addis; Alijanzadeh, Mehran; Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alkerwi, Ala'a; Alla, Francois; Allebeck, Peter; Alouani, Mohamed ML; Altirkawi, Khalid; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Amare, Azmeraw T; Aminde, Leopold N; Ammar, Walid; Amoako, Yaw Ampem; Anber, Nahla Hamed; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Androudi, Sofia; Animut, Megbaru Debalkie; Anjomshoa, Mina; Ansha, Mustafa Geleto; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T; Anwari, Palwasha; Arabloo, Jalal; Arauz, Antonio; Aremu, Olatunde; Ariani, Filippo; Armoon, Bahram; Arnlov, Johan; Arora, Amit; Artaman, Al; Aryal, Krishna K; Asayesh, Hamid; Asghar, Rana Jawad; Ataro, Zerihun; Atre, Sachin R; Ausloos, Marcel; Avila-Burgos, Leticia; Avokpaho, Euripide FGA; Awasthi, Ashish; Quintanilla, Beanie Paulina Ayala; Ayer, Rakesh; Azzopardi, Peter S; Babazadeh, Arefeh; Badali, Hamid; Badawi, Alaa; Bali, Ayele Geleto; Ballesteros, Katherine E; Ballew, Shoshana H; Banach, Maciej; Banoub, Joseph Adel Matter; Banstola, Amrit; Barac, Aleksandra; Barboza, Miguel A; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Barnighausen, Till Winfried; Barrero, Lope H; Baune, Bernhard T; Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Behzadifar, Masoud; Behzadifar, Meysam; Bejot, Yannick; Belachew, Abate Bekele; Belay, Yihalem Abebe; Bel, Michelle L; Bello, Aminu K; Bensenor, Isabela M; Bernabe, Eduardo; Bernstein, Robert S; Beuran, Mircea; Beyranvand, Tina; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bhaumik, Soumyadeep; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Biadgo, Belete; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Bilano, Ver; Bililign, Nigus; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shandaat; Bisanzio, Donal; Blacker, Brigette F; Blyth, Fiona M; Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R; Boufous, Soufiane; Bourne, Rupert; Brady, Oliver J; Brainin, Michael; Brant, Luisa C; Brazinova, Alexandra; Breitborde, Nicholas JK; Brenner, Hermann; Briant, Paul Svitil; Briggs, Andrew M; Briko, Audrey Nikolaevich; Britton, Gabrielle; Brugha, Traolach; Buchbinder, Rachelle; Busse, Reinhard; Butt, Zahid A; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero; Cano, Jorge; Cardenas, Rosario; Carrero, Juan J; Carter, Austin; Carvalho, Felix; Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A; Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo; Castro, Franz; Catala-Lopez, Ferran; Cercy, Kelly M; Cerin, Ester; Chaiah, Yazan; Chang, Alex R; Chang, Hsing-Yi; Chang, Jung-Chen; Charlson, Fiona J; Chattopadhyay, Aparajita; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi, Pankaj; Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia; Chin, Ken Lee; Chitheer, Abdulaal; Choi, Jee-Young J; Chowdhury, Rajiv; Christensen, Hanne; Christopher, Devasahayam J; Cicuttini, Flavia M; Ciobanu, Liliana G; Cirillo, Massimo; Claro, Rafael M; Collado-Mateo, Daniel; Cooper, Cyrus; Coresh, Josef; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Cortinovis, Monica; Costa, Megan; Cousin, Ewerton; Criqui, Michael H; Cromwell, Elizabeth A; Cross, Marita; Crump, John A; Dadi, Abel Fekadu; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Dargan, Paul I; Daryani, Ahmad; Das Gupta, Rajat; Das Neves, Jose; Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye; Davey, Gail; Davis, Adrian C; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; De Courten, Barbora; De La Hoz, Fernando Pio; De Leo, Diego; De Neve, Jan-Walter; Degefa, Meaza Girma; Degenhardt, Louisa; Deiparine, Selina; Dellavalle, Robert P; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam; Deribe, Kebede; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Jarlais, Don C Des; Dessie, Getenet Ayalew; Dey, Subhojit; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese; Dirac, M Ashworth; Djalalinia, Shirin; Doan, Linh; Dokova, Klara; Doku, David Teye; Dorsey, E Ray; Doyle, Kerrie E; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Dubey, Manisha; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Duken, Eyasu Ejeta; Duncan, Bruce B; Duraes, Andre R; Ebrahimi, Hedyeh; Ebrahimpour, Soheil; Echko, Michelle Marie; Edvardsson, David; Effiong, Andem; Ehrlich, Joshua R; El Bcheraoui, Charbel; Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed; El-Khatib, Ziad; Elkout, Hajer; Elvazar, Iqbal RF; Enayati, Ahmadali; Endries, Aman Yesuf; Er, Benjamin; Erskine, Holly E; Eshrati, Babak; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esteghamati, Alireza; Esteghamati, Sadaf; Fakhim, Hamed; Omrani, Vahid Fallah; Faramarzi, Mahbobeh; Fareed, Mohammad; Farhadi, Farzaneh; Farid, Talha A; Farinha, Carla Sofia E Sa; Farioli, Andrea; Faro, Andre; Farvid, Maryam S; Farzadfar, Farshad; Feigin, Valery L; Fentahun, Netsanet; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Fernandes, Joao C; Ferrari, Alice J; Feyissa, Garumma Tolu; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Foigt, Nataliya A; Foreman, Kyle J; Fox, Jack; Frank, Tahvi D; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Fullman, Nancy; Furst, Thomas; Furtado, Joao M; Futran, Neal D; Gall, Seana; Ganji, Morsaleh; Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L; Gardner, William M; Gebre, Abadi Kahsu; Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay; Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo; Gelano, Tilayie Feto; Geleijnse, Johanna M; Genova-Maleras, Ricard; Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea; Gething, Peter W; Gezae, Kebede Embaye; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Falavarjani, Khalil Ghasemi; Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam; Ghimire, Mamata; Ghosh, Rakesh; Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal; Giampaoli, Simona; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K; Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed; Giussani, Giorgia; Gnedovskaya, Elena V; Goldberg, Ellen M; Goli, Srinivas; Gomez-Dantes, Hector; Gona, Philimon N; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Gorman, Taren M; Goulart, Alessandra C; Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia; Grada, Ayman; Grams, Morgan E; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Prakash C; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Tanush; Gyawali, Bishal; Haagsma, Juanita A; Hachinski, Vladimir; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast; Hagos, Tekleberhan B; Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Hamadeh, Randah R; Hamidi, Samer; Handal, Alexis J; Hankey, Graeme J; Hao, Yuantao; Harb, Hilda L; Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai; Haro, Josep Maria; Hasan, Mehedi; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hassen, Hamid Yimam; Havmoeller, Rasmus; Hawley, Caitlin N; Hay, Roderick J; Hay, Simon I; Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar; Heibati, Behzad; Hendrie, Delia; Henok, Andualem; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Sousan; Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw; Huong, Thanh Hoang; Hoek, Hans W; Hoffman, Howard J; Hole, Michael K; Rad, Enayatollah Homaie; Hoogar, Praveen; Hosgood, H Dean; Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaeia; Hostiuc, Sorin; Hotez, Peter J; Hoy, Damian G; Hsairi, Mohamed; Htet, Aung Soe; Hu, Guoqing; Huang, John J; Humh, Chantal K; Iburg, Kim Moesgaard; Ikeda, Chad Thomas; Ileanu, Bogdan; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Sharifhl; Islami, Farhad; Jacobsen, Kathryn H; Jahangiry, Lena; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jain, Sudhir Kumar; Jalkovnevic, Mihajlo; Javanbakht, Mehdi; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S; Johnson, Catherine O; Jonas, Jost B; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jungari, Suresh Banayya; Jurisson, Mikk; Kabir, Zubair; Kadel, Rajendra; Kahsay, Amaha; Kalani, Rizwan; Kanchan, Tanuj; Karami, Manoochehr; Matin, Behead Karami; Karch, Andre; Karema, Corine; Karimi, Narges; Karimi, Seyed M; Kasaeian, Amir; Kassa, Dessalegn H; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale; Kassebaum, Nicholas J; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kawakami, Norito; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Keighobadi, Masoud Masoud; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Kemmer, Laura; Kemp, Grant Rodgers; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Keren, Andre; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaei, Behzad; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khajavi, Alireza; Khalil, Ibrahim A; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb; Khan, Muhammad Ali; Khang, Young-Ho; Khazaei, Mohammad; Khoja, Abdullah T; Khosravi, Ardeshir; Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein; Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A; Kiirithio, Daniel N; Kim, Cho-Il; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Pauline; Kim, Young-Eun; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kisa, Adnan; Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna; Kivimaki, Mika; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kocarnik, Jonathan M; Kochhar, Sonali; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Kolola, Tufa; Kopec, Jacek A; Kosen, Soewarta; Kotsakis, Georgios A; Koul, Pareaiz A; Koyanagi, Ai; Kravchenko, Michael A; Krishan, Kewal; Krohn, Kristopher J; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kumar, G Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe; Lad, Deepesh P; Lad, Sheetal D; Iofranconi, Alessandra; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lallukka, Tea; Lami, Faris Hasan; Lansingh, Van C; Latifi, Arman; Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming; Lazarus, Jeffrey V; Leasher, Janet L; Ledesma, Jorge R; Lee, Paul H; Leigh, James; Leung, Janni; Levi, Miriam; Lewycka, Sonia; Li, Shanshan; Li, Yichong; Liao, Yu; Liben, Misgan Ingesse; Lim, Lee-Ling; Lim, Stephen S; Liu, Shiwei; Lodha, Rakesh; Looker, Katharine J; Lopez, Alan D; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A; Low, Nicola; Lozano, Rafael; Lucas, Tim CD; Lucchesi, Lydia R; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lyons, Ronan A; Ma, Stefan; Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King; Mackay, Mark T; Madotto, Fabiana; Abd El Razelk, Hassan Magdy; Abd El Razek, Muhammad Magdy; Maghavani, Dhaval P; Malootra, Narayan Bahadur; Mai, Hue Tin; Majdan, Marek; Majdzadeh, Reza; Majeed, Azeem; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A; Manda, Ana-Laura; Manguerra, Helena; Manhertz, Treh; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni; Mapoma, Chabila Christopher; Maravilla, Joemer C; Marcenes, Wagner; Marks, Ashley; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Martopullo, Ira; Maerz, Winfried; Marzan, Melvin B; Mashamba-Thompson, Tivani Phosa; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Mathur, Mann Raj; Matsushita, Kunihiro; Maulik, Pallab K; Mazidi, Mohsen; McAlinden, Cohn; McGrath, John J; McKee, Martin; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mehta, Kala Vi; Mehta, Varshil; Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola; Mekonen, Tesfa; Melese, Addisu; Melku, Mulugeta; Meltzer, Michele; Memiah, Peter TN; Memish, Ziad A; Mendoza, Walter; Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese; Mengistu, Getnet; Mensah, George A; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Millear, Anoushka I; Miller, Ted R; Miltz, Benjamin; Mini, GK; Mirarefin, Mojde; Minakhimov, Erkin M; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Mitchell, Philip B; Mitiku, Habtamu; Moazen, Babak; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa; Mohammed, Mohammed A; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohebi, Farnam; Moitra, Modhurima; Mokdad, Ali H; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Moodley, Yoshan; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradinazar, Mehdi; Moraga, Paula; Morawska, Lidia; Velasquez, Ilais Moreno; Morgado-Da-Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Moschos, Marilita M; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Mruts, Kalayu Brhane; Muche, Achenef Asmamaw; Muchie, Kindie Fentahun; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mohammed, Oumer Sada; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath; Muller, Kate; Mumford, John Everett; Murhekar, Manoj; Musa, Jonah; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Mustafa, Ghulam; Nabhan, Ashraf F; Nagata, Chie; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naheed, Atiya; Nahvijou, Azin; Naik, Guntdatta; Naik, Nitish; Najah, Farid; Naldi, Luigi; Nam, Hae Sung; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan; Neamati, Nahid; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Neupane, Subas; Newton, Charles Richard James; Ngunjiri, Josephine W; Anh, Quynh Nguyen; Ha, Thu Nguyen; Huong, Lan Thi Nguyen; Huong, Thanh Nguyen; Long Hoang, Nguyen; Minh, Nguyen; Nam, Ba Nguyen; Son, Hoang Nguyen; Nichols, Emma; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Nixon, Molly R; Nolutshungu, Nomonde; Nomura, Shuhei; Norheim, Ole F; Noroozi, Mehdi; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nouri, Hamid Reza; Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour; Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza; Nsoesie, Elaine; Nyasulu, Peter S; Odell, Christopher M; Ofori-Asenso, Richard; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oh, In-Hwan; Oladimeji, Olanrewaju; Olagunju, Andrew T; Olagunju, Tinuke O; Olivares, Pedro R; Olsen, Helen Elizabeth; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Ong, Kanyin L; Ong, Sok King; Oren, Eyal; Ortiz, Alberto; Ota, Erika; Otstavnov, Stanislav S; Overland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo; Mahesh, PA; Pacella, Rosana; Pakpour, Amin H; Pana, Adrian; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Parisi, Andrea; Park, Eun-Kee; Parry, Charles DH; Patel, Shanti; Pati, Sanghamitra; Paint, Snehal T; Patle, Ajay; Patton, George C; Paturi, Vishnupriya Rao; Paulson, Katherine R; Pearce, Neil; Pereira, David M; Perico, Norberto; Pesudovs, Konrad; Pham, Hai Quang; Phillips, Michael R; Pigott, David M; Pilly, Julian David; Piradov, Michael A; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Pishgar, Farhad; Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer; Plass, Dietrich; Polinder, Suzanne; Popova, Svetlana; Postma, Maarten J; Pourshams, Akram; Poustchi, Hossein; Prabhakaran, Dorairaj; Prakash, Swayam; Prakash, V; Purcell, Caroline A; Purwar, Manorama B; Qorbani, Mostafa; Quistberg, D Alex; Radfar, Amir; Rafay, Anwar; Rafiei, Alireza; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi, Kazem; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahman, Sajjad Ur; Rai, Rajesh Kumar; Rajati, Fatemeh; Ram, Usha; Ranjan, Prabhat; Ranta, Anna; Rao, Puja C; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Reddy, K Srinath; Reiner, Robert C; Reinig, Nickolas; Reitsma, Marissa Bettay; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renzaho, Andre MN; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Satar; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P; Robinson, Stephen R; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Rostami, Ali; Roth, Gregory A; Roy, Ambuj; Rubagotti, Enrico; Sachdev, Perminder S; Sadat, Nafis; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Safari, Hosein; Safari, Yahya; Safari-Faramani, Roya; Safdarian, Mahdi; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sajadi, Haniye Sadat; Salam, Nasir; Salama, Joseph S; Salamati, Payman; Saleem, Komal; Saleem, Zikria; Salimi, Yahya; Salomon, Joshua A; Salvi, Sundeep Santosh; Sale, Inbal; Samy, Abdallah M; Sanabria, Juan; Sang, Yingying; Santomauro, Damian Francesco; Santos, Itamar S; Santos, Joao Vasco; Milicevic, Milena M Santric; Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao; Sardana, Mayank; Sarker, Abdur Razzaque; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sarvi, Shahabeddin; Sathian, Brijesh; Satpathy, Maheswar; Sawant, Arundhati R; Sawhney, Monika; Saxena, Sonia; Saylan, Mete; Schaeffner, Elke; Schmidt, Maria Ines; Schneider, Ione JC; Schoettker, Ben; Schwebel, David C; Schwendicke, Falk; Scott, James G; Sekerija, Mario; Sepanlou, Sadaf G; Servan-Mori, Edson; Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba; Shabaninejad, Hosein; Shafieesabet, Azadeh; Shahbazi, Mehdi; Shaheen, Amira A; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsi, Mohammadbagher; Shamsizadeh, Morteza; Sharafi, Heidar; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sharif, Mehdi; Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi; Sharma, Meenakshi; Sharma, Rajesh; She, Jun; Sheikh, Aziz; Shi, Peilin; Shibuya, Kenji; Shigematsu, Mika; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shishani, Kawkab; Shiue, Ivy; Shokraneh, Farhad; Shoman, Haitham; Shrime, Mark G; Si, Si; Siabani, Soraya; Siddiqi, Tariq J; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silva, Joao Pedro; Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves; Singam, Narayana Sarma Venkata; Singh, Jasvinder A; Singh, Narinder Pal; Singh, Virendra; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Skiadaresi, Einini; Slepak, Erica Leigh N; Sliwa, Karen; Smith, David L; Smith, Mari; Soares Filho, Adauto Martins; Sobaih, Bade Hasan; Sobhani, Soheila; Sobngwi, Eugene; Soneji, Samir S; Soofi, Moslem; Soosaraei, Masoud; Sorensen, Reed JD; Soriano, Joan B; Soyiri, Ireneous N; Sposato, Luciano A; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T; Srinivasan, Vinay; Stanaway, Jeffrey D; Stein, Dan J; Steiner, Caitlyn; Steiner, Timothy J; Stokes, Mark A; Stovner, Lars Jacob; Subart, Michelle L; Sudaryanto, Agus; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Sunguya, Bruno F; Sur, Patrick John; Sutradhar, Ipsita; Sykes, Bryan L; Sylte, Dillon O; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar; Tadesse, Birkneh Tilahun; Tandon, Nikhil; Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel; Tavakkoli, Mohammad; Taveira, Nuno; Taylor, Hugh R; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw; Tekelemedhin, Shishay Wahdey; Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin; Temesgen, Habtamu; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Temsah, Omar; Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman; Teweldemedhin, Mebrahtu; Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman; Thomas, Nihal; Tilahun, Binyam; To, Quyen G; Tonelli, Marcello; Topor-Madry, Roman; Topouzis, Fotis; Torre, Anna F; Tortajada-Girbes, Miguel; Touvier, Mathilde; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Towbin, Jeffrey A; Bach, Xuan Tran; Khanh, Bao Tran; Troeger, Christopher E; Truelsen, Thomas Clement; Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K; Tsoi, Derrick; Car, Lorainne Tudor; Tuzcu, E Murat; Ukwaja, Kingsley N; Ullah, Irfan; Undurraga, Eduardo A; Unutzer, Jurgen; Updike, Rachel L; Usman, Muhammad Sharig; Uthman, Olalekan A; Vaduganathan, Muthiah; Vaezi, Afsane; Valdez, Pascual R; Varughese, Santosh; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Villafaina, Santos; Violante, Francesco S; Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch; Vlassov, Vasily; Vollset, Stein Emil; Vosoughi, Kia; Vujcic, Isidora S; Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw; Waheed, Yasir; Waller, Stephen G; Wang, Yafeng; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Weintraub, Robert G; Weiss, Daniel J; Weldegebreal, Fitsum; Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey; Werdecker, Andrea; West, T Eoin; Whiteford, Harvey A; Widecka, Justyna; Wijeratne, Tissa; Wilner, Lauren B; Wilson, Shadrach; Winkler, Andrea Sylvia; Wiyeh, Alison B; Wiysonge, Charles Shey; Wolfe, Charles DA; Woolf, Anthony D; Wu, Shouling; Wu, Yun-Chun; Wyper, Grant MA; Xavier, Denis; Xu, Gelin; Yadgir, Simon; Yadollahpour, Ali; Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh; Yamada, Tomohide; Yan, Lijing L; Yano, Yuichiro; Yaseri, Mehdi; Yasin, Yasin Jemal; Yeshaneh, Alex; Yimer, Ebrahim M; Yip, Paul; Yisma, Engida; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yoon, Seok-Jun; Yotebieng, Marcel; Younis, Mustafa Z; Yousefifard, Mahmoud; Yu, Chuanhua; Zadnik, Vesna; Zaidi, Zoubida; Bin Zaman, Sojib; Zamani, Mohammad; Zare, Zohreh; Zeleke, Ayalew Jejaw; Zenebe, Zerihun Menikalew; Zhang, Kai; Zhao, Zheng; Zhou, Maigeng; Zodpey, Sanjay; Zucker, Inbar; Vos, Theo; Murray, Christopher JL (LANCET, 2018)Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries ...JOURNAL ARTICLE