Effects of a Multi-modal Exercise Program on Cognitive and Physical Functions and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Older Women

Abstract

Age-related cognitive decline (ARCD) is a pattern of deterioration in cognitive functions that gradually impairs the ability to think, reason, concentrate and remember. It has been identified as a major health threat for older adults because of the potential deleterious effects on independence, social engagement and quality of life. The trend in the experimental literature suggests that cardiovascular exercise training may have the capacity to counter ARCD. However, the efficacy of single modality interventions is inconclusive and there is currently a move towards investigating the effects of combination exercise interventions. The assumption is that optimisation of the intervention stimulus, in this way, might induce more pronounced cognitive outcomes than the modest levels of enhancement elicited by cardiovascular training alone. There are theoretical indications that these effects may be more likely to be achieved by the inclusion of motor skills training; as this modality involves complexity and novelty that requires sustained mental effort or cognitive load. The suggestion is that sustained mental effort is likely to both induce (positive) brain changes and stimulate higher-order cognitive processes (executive functions). In theory, the inclusion of these design elements may benefit executive function (higher order cognitive processes most susceptible to ARCD) and induce positive neuroplasticity (the life-long neuronal capacity of the brain to preserve or optimise function, in response to experiential stimuli).