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dc.contributor.advisorChu, Cordia
dc.contributor.advisorConnell, Des
dc.contributor.authorPhung, Dung Tri
dc.date.accessioned2018-01-23T02:22:48Z
dc.date.available2018-01-23T02:22:48Z
dc.date.issued2012
dc.identifier.doi10.25904/1912/1910
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10072/365804
dc.description.abstractVietnamese farmers are at high risk of pesticide exposure due to usage of pack-back sprays for application of pesticides with their rice crops. Chlorpyirifos has been the most common organophosphate registered for agricultural use in Vietnam, however the health risk due to the use of this compound by rice farmers has not been evaluated. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the health risk of chlorpyrifos exposure to rice farmers, using a probabilistic approach, with a secondary objective of developing safety strategies for pesticide risk reduction, using qualitative needs assessment methods used for evaluating health promotion programs. Farmer exposure to chlorpyrifos from pesticide application was measured by biological monitoring. Urine samples were collected from farmers (18) over pesticide spraying application time and analysed for 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP), the major urinary metabolite of chlorpyrifos, using an enzymatic pre-treatment before extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Absorbed Daily Doses (ADD) of chlorpyrifos for farmers was then estimated from urinary TCP levels, expressed as μg/g creatinine. The exposure doses, comprising baseline exposure dose (ADDB), post-application exposure dose (ADDA), and lifetime average daily exposure dose (LADDE) were calculated. The baseline exposure dose (ADDB) ranged from 0.03 to 1.98 μg/kg/d with a mean of 0.24 μg/kg/d. The post-application exposure dose (ADDA) ranged from 0.35 to 94 μg/kg/d with a mean of 19.4 μg/kg/d which is approximately 80 times higher than the mean values of ADDB (0.24 μg/kg/d). The lifetime average daily dose (LADDE) ranged from 0.01 to 1.7 μg/kg/d with a mean of 0.3 μg/kg/d. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that personal protective equipment reflected by percentage of body coverage, amount of chlorpyrifos used and length of application made major contributions to ADDA. However, the best regression model for the relationship between ADDA and exposure factors was observed with two independent variables comprising body coverage and amount of chlorpyrifos used.
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherGriffith University
dc.publisher.placeBrisbane
dc.rights.copyrightThe author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise.
dc.subject.keywordsChlorpyirifos
dc.subject.keywordsOrganophosphate
dc.subject.keywordsAgricultural pesticides
dc.subject.keywordsRice farming Vietnam
dc.titleAssessing and Reducing Risk Due to Chlorpyrifos Use among Rice Farmers in Vietnam: From Probabilistic Risk Assessment to Safety Strategy Development
dc.typeGriffith thesis
gro.facultyScience, Environment, Engineering and Technology
gro.rights.copyrightThe author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise.
gro.hasfulltextFull Text
dc.contributor.otheradvisorMiller, Gregory
dc.rights.accessRightsPublic
gro.identifier.gurtIDgu1366667761509
gro.source.ADTshelfnoADT0
gro.source.GURTshelfnoGURT1407
gro.thesis.degreelevelThesis (PhD Doctorate)
gro.thesis.degreeprogramDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
gro.departmentGriffith School of Environment
gro.griffith.authorPhung, Dung T.


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