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dc.contributor.authorDanaei, Goodarz
dc.contributor.authorSingh, Gitanjali M
dc.contributor.authorPaciorek, Christopher J
dc.contributor.authorLin, John K
dc.contributor.authorCowan, Melanie J
dc.contributor.authorFinucane, Mariel M
dc.contributor.authorFarzadfar, Farshad
dc.contributor.authorStevens, Gretchen A
dc.contributor.authorRiley, Leanne M
dc.contributor.authorLu, Yuan
dc.contributor.authorRao, Mayuree
dc.contributor.authorEzzati, Majid
dc.contributor.authorAamodt, Geir
dc.contributor.authorAbdeen, Ziad
dc.contributor.authorAbdella, Nabila A
dc.contributor.authorRahim, Hanan F Abdul
dc.contributor.authorAddo, Juliet
dc.contributor.authorAekplakorn, Wichai
dc.contributor.authorAfifi, Mustafa M
dc.contributor.authorAgabiti-Rosei, Enrico
dc.contributor.authorSalinas, Carlos A Aguilar
dc.contributor.authorAgyemang, Charles
dc.contributor.authorAli, Mohamed M
dc.contributor.authorAl-Nsour, Mohannad
dc.contributor.authorAl-Nuaim, Abdul R
dc.contributor.authorAmbady, Ramachandran
dc.contributor.authorAro, Pertti
dc.contributor.authorAzizi, Fereidoun
dc.contributor.authorBarbagallo, Carlo M
dc.contributor.authorBarbieri, Marco Antonio M
dc.contributor.authorBarcelo, Alberto
dc.contributor.authorBarreto, Sandhi M
dc.contributor.authorBarros, Henrique
dc.contributor.authorBautista, Leonelo E
dc.contributor.authorBenetos, Athanase
dc.contributor.authorBjerregaard, Peter
dc.contributor.authorBjoerkelund, Cecilia
dc.contributor.authorBo, Simona
dc.contributor.authorBobak, Martin
dc.contributor.authorBonora, Enzo
dc.contributor.authorBontha, Babu V
dc.contributor.authorBotana, Manuel A
dc.contributor.authorBovet, Pascal
dc.contributor.authorBreckenkamp, Juergen
dc.contributor.authorBreteler, Monique M
dc.contributor.authorBroda, Grazyna
dc.contributor.authorBrown, Ian J
dc.contributor.authorBursztyn, Michael
dc.contributor.authorde Leon, Antonio Cabrera
dc.contributor.authorCampos, Hannia
dc.contributor.authorCappuccio, Francesco P
dc.contributor.authorCapuano, Vincenzo
dc.contributor.authorCasiglia, Edoardo
dc.contributor.authorCastellano, Maurizio
dc.contributor.authorCastetbon, Katia
dc.contributor.authorCea, Luis
dc.contributor.authorChang, Chih-Jen
dc.contributor.authorChaouki, Noureddine
dc.contributor.authorChatterji, Somnath
dc.contributor.authorChen, Chien-Jen
dc.contributor.authorChen, Zhengming
dc.contributor.authorChen, Chien-Jen
dc.contributor.authorChoi, Jin-Su
dc.contributor.authorChua, Lily
dc.contributor.authorCifkova, Renata
dc.contributor.authorCobiac, Linda J
dc.contributor.authorCooper, Richard S
dc.contributor.authorCorsi, Anna Maria
dc.contributor.authorCostanza, Michael C
dc.contributor.authorCraig, Cora L
dc.contributor.authorDankner, Rachel S
dc.contributor.authorDastgiri, Saeed
dc.contributor.authorDelgado, Elias
dc.contributor.authorDinc, Gonul
dc.contributor.authorDoi, Yasufumi
dc.contributor.authorDong, Guang-Hui
dc.contributor.authorDorsi, Eleonora
dc.contributor.authorDragano, Nico
dc.contributor.authorDrewnowski, Adam
dc.contributor.authorEggertsen, Robert W
dc.contributor.authorElliott, Paul
dc.contributor.authorEngeland, Anders
dc.contributor.authorErem, Cihangir
dc.contributor.authorEsteghamati, Alireza
dc.contributor.authorFall, Caroline HD
dc.contributor.authorFan, Jian-Gao
dc.contributor.authorFerreccio, Catterina
dc.contributor.authorFezeu, Leopold
dc.contributor.authorFirmo, Joselia O
dc.contributor.authorFlorez, Hermes J
dc.contributor.authorFornes, Nelida S
dc.contributor.authorFowkes, F Gerry R
dc.contributor.authorFranceschini, Guido
dc.contributor.authorFrisk, Fredrik
dc.contributor.authorFuchs, Flavio D
dc.contributor.authorFuller, Eva L
dc.contributor.authorGetz, Linn
dc.contributor.authorGiampaoli, Simona
dc.contributor.authorGomez, Luis F
dc.contributor.authorGomez-Zumaquero, Juan M
dc.contributor.authorGraff-Iversen, Sidsel
dc.contributor.authorGrant, Janet F
dc.contributor.authorCarvajal, Ramiro Guerrero
dc.contributor.authorGulliford, Martin C
dc.contributor.authorGupta, Rajeev
dc.contributor.authorGupta, Prakash C
dc.contributor.authorGureje, Oye
dc.contributor.authorHansen, Tine W
dc.contributor.authorHata, Jun
dc.contributor.authorHe, Jiang
dc.contributor.authorHeim, Noor
dc.contributor.authorHeinrich, Joachim
dc.contributor.authorHemmingsson, Tomas
dc.contributor.authorHennis, Anselm
dc.contributor.authorHerman, William H
dc.contributor.authorHerrera, Victor M
dc.contributor.authorHo, Suzanne
dc.contributor.authorHoldsworth, Michelle
dc.contributor.authorFrisman, Gunilla Hollman
dc.contributor.authorHopman, Wilma M
dc.contributor.authorHussain, Akhtar
dc.contributor.authorHusseini, Abdullatif
dc.contributor.authorIbrahim, M Mohsen
dc.contributor.authorIkeda, Nayu
dc.contributor.authorJacobsen, Bjarne K
dc.contributor.authorJaddou, Hashem Y
dc.contributor.authorJafar, Tazeen H
dc.contributor.authorJanghorbani, Mohsen
dc.contributor.authorJasienska, Grazyna
dc.contributor.authorJoffres, Michel R
dc.contributor.authorJonas, Jost B
dc.contributor.authorKadiki, Othman A
dc.contributor.authorKalter-Leibovici, Ofra
dc.contributor.authorKamadjeu, Raoul M
dc.contributor.authorKaralis, Ioannis
dc.contributor.authorKastarinen, Mika J
dc.contributor.authorKatz, Joanne
dc.contributor.authorKeinan-Boker, Lital
dc.contributor.authorKelly, Paul
dc.contributor.authorKhalilzadeh, Omid
dc.contributor.authorKhang, Young-Ho
dc.contributor.authorKiechl, Stefan
dc.contributor.authorKim, Ki Woong
dc.contributor.authorKiyohara, Yutaka
dc.contributor.authorKobayashi, Junji
dc.contributor.authorKrause, Maressa P
dc.contributor.authorKubinova, Ruzena
dc.contributor.authorKurjata, Pawel
dc.contributor.authorKusuma, Yadlapalli S
dc.contributor.authorLam, Tai Hing
dc.contributor.authorLanghammer, Arnulf
dc.contributor.authorLawes, Carlene MM
dc.contributor.authorLe, Cai
dc.contributor.authorLee, Jeannette
dc.contributor.authorLevy-Marchal, Claire
dc.contributor.authorLi, Yanping
dc.contributor.authorLi, Yuqiu
dc.contributor.authorLim, Stephen
dc.contributor.authorLim, TO
dc.contributor.authorLin, Xu
dc.contributor.authorLin, Cheng-Chieh
dc.contributor.authorLin, Xu
dc.contributor.authorLin, Hsien-Ho
dc.contributor.authorLind, Lars
dc.contributor.authorLissner, Lauren
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Xiaoqing
dc.contributor.authorLopez-Jaramillo, Patricio
dc.contributor.authorLorbeer, Roberto
dc.contributor.authorLorbeer, Roberto
dc.contributor.authorMa, Guansheng
dc.contributor.authorMa, Stefan
dc.contributor.authorMacia, Francesc
dc.contributor.authorMacLean, David R
dc.contributor.authorMaggi, Stefania
dc.contributor.authorMagliano, Dianna J
dc.contributor.authorMakdisse, Marcia
dc.contributor.authorMancia, Giuseppe
dc.contributor.authorMannami, Toshifumi
dc.contributor.authorMarques-Vidal, Pedro
dc.contributor.authorMbanya, Jean Claude N
dc.contributor.authorMcFarlane-Anderson, Norma
dc.contributor.authorMiccoli, Roberto
dc.contributor.authorMiettola, Juhani
dc.contributor.authorMinh, Hoang V
dc.contributor.authorMiquel, Juan F
dc.contributor.authorMiranda, J Jaime
dc.contributor.authorMohamed, Mostafa K
dc.contributor.authorMohan, V
dc.contributor.authorMohanna, Salim
dc.contributor.authorMokdad, Ali
dc.contributor.authorMollentze, Willem F
dc.contributor.authorMorales, Dante D
dc.contributor.authorMorgan, Karen
dc.contributor.authorMuiesan, Lorenza M
dc.contributor.authorMuntoni, Sergio
dc.contributor.authorNabipour, Iraj
dc.contributor.authorNakagami, Tomoko
dc.contributor.authorNangia, Vinay
dc.contributor.authorNemesure, Barbara
dc.contributor.authorNeovius, Martin
dc.contributor.authorNerhus, Kjersti A
dc.contributor.authorNervi, Flavio
dc.contributor.authorNeuhauser, Hannelore
dc.contributor.authorNguyen, Minh
dc.contributor.authorNinomiya, Toshiharu
dc.contributor.authorNoale, Marianna
dc.contributor.authorOh, Sang W
dc.contributor.authorOhkubo, Takayoshi
dc.contributor.authorOlivieri, Oliviero
dc.contributor.authorOenal, Ayse Emel
dc.contributor.authorOnat, Altan
dc.contributor.authorOrstegui, Myriam
dc.contributor.authorOuedraogo, Hermann
dc.contributor.authorPan, Wen-Harn
dc.contributor.authorPanagiotakos, Demosthenes B
dc.contributor.authorPanza, Francesco
dc.contributor.authorPark, Yongsoo
dc.contributor.authorPassos, Valeria MA
dc.contributor.authorPednekar, Mangesh S
dc.contributor.authorPeres, Marco A
dc.contributor.authorPerez, Cynthia
dc.contributor.authorPerez-Fernandez, Roman
dc.contributor.authorPichardo, Rafael
dc.contributor.authorPhua, Hwee Pin
dc.contributor.authorPistelli, Francesco
dc.contributor.authorPlans, Pedro
dc.contributor.authorPolakowska, Maria
dc.contributor.authorPoulter, Neil
dc.contributor.authorPrabhakaran, Dorairaj
dc.contributor.authorQiao, Qing
dc.contributor.authorRafiei, Masoud
dc.contributor.authorRaitakari, Olli T
dc.contributor.authorRamos, Luiz R
dc.contributor.authorRampal, Sanjay
dc.contributor.authorRampal, Lekhraj
dc.contributor.authorRasmussen, Finn
dc.contributor.authorReddy, Kanala KR
dc.contributor.authorRedon, Josep
dc.contributor.authorRevilla, Luis
dc.contributor.authorReyes-Garcia, Victoria
dc.contributor.authorRoaeid, Ragab B
dc.contributor.authorRodriguez-Artalejo, Fernando
dc.contributor.authorRojas-Martinez, Rosalba
dc.contributor.authorRonkainen, Kimmo
dc.contributor.authorRosero-Bixby, Luis
dc.contributor.authorRoth, Gregory A
dc.contributor.authorSachdev, Harshpal S
dc.contributor.authorSanchez, Jose R
dc.contributor.authorSanisoglu, Selim Y
dc.contributor.authorSans, Susana
dc.contributor.authorSarraf-Zadegan, Nizal
dc.contributor.authorScazufca, Marcia
dc.contributor.authorSchaan, Beatriz D
dc.contributor.authorSchapochnik, Norberto
dc.contributor.authorSchelleman, Hedi
dc.contributor.authorSchneider, Ione JC
dc.contributor.authorSchooling, C Mary
dc.contributor.authorSchwarz, Bernhard
dc.contributor.authorSekuri, Cevad
dc.contributor.authorSereday, Martha S
dc.contributor.authorSerra-Majem, Lluis
dc.contributor.authorShaw, Jonathan
dc.contributor.authorShera, Abdul S
dc.contributor.authorShi, Zumin
dc.contributor.authorShiri, Rahman
dc.contributor.authorShu, Xiao Ou
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Diego Augusto Santos
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Egle
dc.contributor.authorSimons, Leon A
dc.contributor.authorSmith, Margaret
dc.contributor.authorSoederberg, Stefan
dc.contributor.authorSoebardi, Suharko
dc.contributor.authorSolfrizzi, Vincenzo
dc.contributor.authorSonestedt, Emily
dc.contributor.authorSoysal, Ahmet
dc.contributor.authorStattin, Paer
dc.contributor.authorStein, Aryeh D
dc.contributor.authorStergiou, George S
dc.contributor.authorStessman, Jochanan
dc.contributor.authorSudo, Akihiro
dc.contributor.authorSuka, Machi
dc.contributor.authorSundh, Valter
dc.contributor.authorSundquist, Kristina
dc.contributor.authorSundstroem, Johan
dc.contributor.authorSwai, Andrew B
dc.contributor.authorTai, E Shyong
dc.contributor.authorTambs, Kristian
dc.contributor.authorTesfaye, Fikru
dc.contributor.authorThomas, George N
dc.contributor.authorThorogood, Margaret
dc.contributor.authorTilvis, Reijo S
dc.contributor.authorTobias, Martin
dc.contributor.authorTorheim, Liv E
dc.contributor.authorTrenkwalder, Peter
dc.contributor.authorTuomilehto, Jaakko O
dc.contributor.authorTur, Josep A
dc.contributor.authorTzourio, Christophe
dc.contributor.authorUhernik, Ana I
dc.contributor.authorUkoli, Flora A
dc.contributor.authorUnwin, Nigel
dc.contributor.authorVander Hoorn, Stephen
dc.contributor.authorVanderpump, Mark P
dc.contributor.authorVaro, Jose Javier
dc.contributor.authorVeierod, Marit B
dc.contributor.authorVelasquez-Melendez, Gustavo
dc.contributor.authorVerschuren, Monique
dc.contributor.authorViet, Lucie
dc.contributor.authorVillalpando, Salvador
dc.contributor.authorVioque, Jesus
dc.contributor.authorVollenweider, Peter
dc.contributor.authorVolpato, Stefano
dc.contributor.authorWang, Ningli
dc.contributor.authorWang, Ya X
dc.contributor.authorWard, Mark
dc.contributor.authorWaspadji, Sarwono
dc.contributor.authorWelin, Lennart X
dc.contributor.authorWilhelmsen, Lars
dc.contributor.authorWilleit, Johann
dc.contributor.authorWoodward, Mark
dc.contributor.authorXavier, Andre J
dc.contributor.authorXu, Fei
dc.contributor.authorXu, Liang
dc.contributor.authorYamamoto, Akira
dc.contributor.authorYang, Gonghuan
dc.contributor.authorYang, Xiaoguang
dc.contributor.authorYeh, Li-Chia
dc.contributor.authorYoon, Jin-Sang
dc.contributor.authorYou, Qisheng
dc.contributor.authorYu, Zhijie
dc.contributor.authorZhang, Jian
dc.contributor.authorZhang, Lei
dc.contributor.authorZheng, Wei
dc.contributor.authorZhou, Maigeng
dc.date.accessioned2018-10-05T01:03:04Z
dc.date.available2018-10-05T01:03:04Z
dc.date.issued2013
dc.identifier.issn0009-7322
dc.identifier.doi10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001470
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10072/380702
dc.description.abstractBackground—It is commonly assumed that cardiovascular disease risk factors are associated with affluence and Westernization. We investigated the associations of body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure, and serum total cholesterol with national income, Western diet, and, for BMI, urbanization in 1980 and 2008. Methods and Results—Country-level risk factor estimates for 199 countries between 1980 and 2008 were from a previous systematic analysis of population-based data. We analyzed the associations between risk factors and per capita national income, a measure of Western diet, and, for BMI, the percentage of the population living in urban areas. In 1980, there was a positive association between national income and population mean BMI, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol. By 2008, the slope of the association between national income and systolic blood pressure became negative for women and zero for men. Total cholesterol was associated with national income and Western diet in both 1980 and 2008. In 1980, BMI rose with national income and then flattened at ≈Int$7000; by 2008, the relationship resembled an inverted U for women, peaking at middle-income levels. BMI had a positive relationship with the percentage of urban population in both 1980 and 2008. Fasting plasma glucose had weaker associations with these country macro characteristics, but it was positively associated with BMI. Conclusions—The changing associations of metabolic risk factors with macroeconomic variables indicate that there will be a global pandemic of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus, together with high blood pressure in low-income countries, unless effective lifestyle and pharmacological interventions are implemented.
dc.description.peerreviewedYes
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherLippincott, Williams and Wilkins
dc.relation.ispartofpagefrom1493
dc.relation.ispartofpageto1502
dc.relation.ispartofissue15
dc.relation.ispartofjournalCirculation
dc.relation.ispartofvolume127
dc.subject.fieldofresearchCardiovascular medicine and haematology
dc.subject.fieldofresearchClinical sciences
dc.subject.fieldofresearchDentistry not elsewhere classified
dc.subject.fieldofresearchSports science and exercise
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode3201
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode3202
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode320399
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode4207
dc.titleThe Global Cardiovascular Risk Transition: Associations of Four Metabolic Risk Factors with National Income, Urbanization, and Western Diet in 1980 and 2008
dc.typeJournal article
dc.type.descriptionC1 - Articles
dc.type.codeC - Journal Articles
dc.description.versionAccepted Manuscript (AM)
gro.rights.copyright© 2013 American Heart Association, Inc. . This is the author-manuscript version of this paper. Reproduced in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher. Please refer to the journal's website for access to the definitive, published version.
gro.hasfulltextFull Text
gro.griffith.authorCobiac, Linda


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