Discussing the risks related to epilepsy—An holistic approach

Abstract

Risks in epilepsy include those directly related to the occurrence of seizures in vulnerable situations. Some of these include: driving [ 1 ]; operating machinery [ 2 , 3 ]; working at heights [ 3 ]; working with electricity and electrical appliances [ 4 ]; cooking and preparing food with open flames, hot liquids and using knives [ 5 ]; bathing or swimming practice [ 6 ]; or even just enjoying some recreational sports, such as surfing, sailing or horse riding [ 7 ]. There are also situations that may provoke seizures with inherent risks resulting in negative consequences. These include: infections and pyrexia [ 8 ]; photosensitivity and other stimuli for reflex epilepsies [ 9 ]; stress and anxiety [ 10 , 11 ]; sleep deprivation [ 11 ]; electrolyte and metabolic disturbances [ 12 ]; and non-adherence with prescribed therapeutic regimen [ 13 ]. It can be seen that the risks associated with epilepsy are far reaching, pervasive and influence how clinicians deal with their patients.