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  • Novel approaches for strengthening human fear extinction: The roles of novelty, additional USs, and additional GSs

    Author(s)
    Lipp, Ottmar V
    Waters, Allison M
    Luck, Camilla C
    Ryan, Katherine M
    Craske, Michelle G
    Griffith University Author(s)
    Waters, Allison M.
    Ryan, Kathy M.
    Year published
    2020
    Metadata
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    Abstract
    Since Watson and Rayner's (1920) initial demonstration that human fear can be learned by means of Pavlovian conditioning, neuroscientific and behavioral studies have provided a thorough understanding of fear acquisition. Less is known about the manner in which we can harness insights from Pavlovian conditioning research to reduce fears and, most importantly, make the reduction of fear lasting and resistant against relapse. The current paper reviews three manipulations that have shown promise in achieving a reduction of conditional fear that is more resistant to relapse than is the reduction of conditional fear after standard ...
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    Since Watson and Rayner's (1920) initial demonstration that human fear can be learned by means of Pavlovian conditioning, neuroscientific and behavioral studies have provided a thorough understanding of fear acquisition. Less is known about the manner in which we can harness insights from Pavlovian conditioning research to reduce fears and, most importantly, make the reduction of fear lasting and resistant against relapse. The current paper reviews three manipulations that have shown promise in achieving a reduction of conditional fear that is more resistant to relapse than is the reduction of conditional fear after standard extinction: novelty-facilitated extinction training, presentation of conditional-unconditional stimulus pairings or of unpaired unconditional stimuli during extinction, and extinction with additional stimuli that are similar to the original conditional stimuli. It summarizes past research involving human and non-human animal subjects and highlights knowledge gaps in the current literature. Moreover, it discusses potential mechanisms that mediate the reduction of fear seen as a result of these manipulations in an attempt to enhance our understanding of what renders fear extinction less vulnerable to the known pathways to fear relapse. It is hoped that this review will contribute to the achievement of the goal that was denied to Watson and Rayner, the development of experimental techniques that can be utilized to remove conditioned emotional responses permanently.
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    Journal Title
    Behaviour Research and Therapy
    Volume
    124
    DOI
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.103529
    Funder(s)
    NHMRC
    Grant identifier(s)
    APP1156490
    Subject
    Psychology
    Cognitive and computational psychology
    Social Sciences
    Psychology, Clinical
    Fear conditioning
    Extinction
    Publication URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10072/393884
    Collection
    • Journal articles

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