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dc.contributor.authorShahzad, Naveed
dc.contributor.authorFarooq, Roman
dc.contributor.authorAslam, Bilal
dc.contributor.authorUmer, Muhammad
dc.date.accessioned2020-10-15T04:49:52Z
dc.date.available2020-10-15T04:49:52Z
dc.date.issued2017
dc.identifier.isbn9789535135173en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.5772/intechopen.68927en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10072/398390
dc.description.abstractSexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can be transmitted through genital-genital, oro-genital, or anogenital contacts and remain to be a public health concern worldwide. Approximately one million people around the world are believed to be newly infected with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) each day. Numerous causative agents includ-ing bacteria, viruses, protozoa, yeast, and fungi are responsible for STIs; however, viruses exhibit more serious risks, probabilities and outcomes of STDs than other organisms. The most lethal viral STIs are human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV), herpes sim-plex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), and human papillomavirus (HPV), which are responsible for major sexually transmitted viral infections including AIDS, herpes sim-plex, and genital warts, respectively. Despite the fact that several prevention strategies such as vaccination, abstinence from sex, limiting sex partners, the use of condoms and a range of therapeutic drugs have drastically reduced the risk of contracting STIs, these three infections continue to spread at an alarming rate. The high incidence and lack of effective vaccine, instigated scientists to look for alternate, cheap, and efficient strategies for controlling these deadly viruses. Microbicide are relatively new approach that may be helpful in preventing STIs transmission when applied inside the genitals before inter-course. Like other interventions, microbicides are used as prophylactic measures against STIs. Therefore, an excellent safety and efficacy profile analysis is mandatory before their approval for human use. Although no safe and efficacious microbicide is yet available, many candidates including nonoxynol-9, Savvy, cellulose sulfate, Carraguard, VivaGel, tenofovir gel, and PRO 2000 have shown promising in vitro activity and many more are under development. However, very few of them have moved to large-scale phase III trials. This chapter aims to provide a brief overview of various microbicides along with their mechanism of actions and recent updates on safety and effectiveness trials.en_US
dc.publisherInTechen_US
dc.publisher.urihttps://www.intechopen.com/books/fundamentals-of-sexually-transmitted-infectionsen_US
dc.relation.ispartofbooktitleFundamentals of Sexually Transmitted Infectionsen_US
dc.relation.ispartofchapter7en_US
dc.relation.ispartofpagefrom133en_US
dc.relation.ispartofpageto159en_US
dc.subject.fieldofresearchMedical and Health Sciencesen_US
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode11en_US
dc.titleMicrobicides for the Prevention of HPV, HIV-1, and HSV-2: Sexually Transmitted Viral Infectionsen_US
dc.typeBook chapteren_US
dc.type.descriptionB2 - Chapters (Other)en_US
dcterms.bibliographicCitationShahzad, N; Farooq, R; Aslam, B; Umer, M, Microbicides for the Prevention of HPV, HIV-1, and HSV-2: Sexually Transmitted Viral Infections, Fundamentals of Sexually Transmitted Infections, pp. 133-159en_US
dcterms.licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0en_US
dc.date.updated2020-10-15T04:35:07Z
dc.description.versionVersion of Record (VoR)en_US
gro.rights.copyright© 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.en_US
gro.hasfulltextFull Text
gro.griffith.authorUmer, Muhammad


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