A survey of novel MDA and MDMA precursors by isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Abstract

Presented is a survey of the hydrogen, carbon and oxygen isotope profiles of traditional and novel precursors and pre-precursors used for the synthesis of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA). The purpose of this survey was to determine what variations exist in the stable isotope profiles of compounds from which these drugs can be produced. The control of the traditional precursors safrole, isosafrole, piperonal and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (MDP2P) has seen clandestine laboratories utilising some novel alternative chemicals. Helional has emerged primarily as a precursor to MDA and although recently legislated in Queensland, Australia, remains largely uncontrolled in most jurisdictions. Results for the uncontrolled pre-precursors catechol, vanillin and vanillic acid are also presented in this survey. In total 45 precursor samples were collected, with a focus on helional that is readily available online through fragrance supply companies. The identity and purity of all samples was confirmed using a range of techniques. Stable isotope profiles were obtained by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) analysis. These results showed a greater variation in stable isotope profiles than previously reported in MDA/MDMA precursors. These results suggest that stable isotope profiling may be used to compare and differentiate precursors used in the production of MDA/MDMA. IRMS may also allow for the grouping or discrimination of MDA and MDMA, especially when synthesised from these novel precursors or pre-precursors.