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  • Carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine, a phytochemical used in 'therapeutic' black salve and mouthwash

    Author(s)
    Croaker, Andrew
    King, Graham J
    Pyne, John H
    Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra
    Simanek, Vilim
    Liu, Lei
    Griffith University Author(s)
    Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra
    Year published
    2017
    Metadata
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    Abstract
    Black salves are escharotic skin cancer therapies in clinical use since the mid 19th century. Sanguinaria canadensis, a major ingredient of black salve formulations, contains a number of bioactive phytochemicals including the alkaloid sanguinarine. Despite its prolonged history of clinical use, conflicting experimental results have prevented the carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine from being definitively determined. Sanguinarine has a molecular structure similar to known polyaromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens and is a DNA intercalator. Sanguinarine also generates oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting in the ...
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    Black salves are escharotic skin cancer therapies in clinical use since the mid 19th century. Sanguinaria canadensis, a major ingredient of black salve formulations, contains a number of bioactive phytochemicals including the alkaloid sanguinarine. Despite its prolonged history of clinical use, conflicting experimental results have prevented the carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine from being definitively determined. Sanguinarine has a molecular structure similar to known polyaromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens and is a DNA intercalator. Sanguinarine also generates oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting in the unfolded protein response and the formation of 8-hydroxyguanine genetic lesions. Sanguinarine has been the subject of contradictory in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity and murine carcinogenesis test results that have delayed its carcinogenic classification. Despite this, epidemiological studies have linked mouthwash that contains sanguinarine with the development of oral leukoplakia. Sanguinarine is also proposed as an aetiological agent in gallbladder carcinoma. This literature review investigates the carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine. Reasons for contradictory genotoxicity and carcinogenesis results are explored, knowledge gaps identified and a strategy for determining the carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine especialy relating to black salve are discussed. As patients continue to apply black salve, especially to skin regions suffering from field cancerization and skin malignancies, an understanding of the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine is of urgent clinical relevance.
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    Journal Title
    Mutation Research: Reviews
    Volume
    774
    DOI
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.09.001
    Subject
    Genetics
    Oncology and carcinogenesis not elsewhere classified
    Science & Technology
    Life Sciences & Biomedicine
    Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
    Genetics & Heredity
    Toxicology
    Publication URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10072/408304
    Collection
    • Journal articles

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