Effects of biochar application on soil nitrogen transformation, microbial functional genes, enzyme activity, and plant nitrogen uptake: a meta‐analysis of field studies

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Author(s)
Zhang, Leiyi
Jing, Yiming
Chen, Chengrong
Xiang, Yangzhou
Rezaei Rashti, Mehran
Li, Yantao
Deng, Qi
Zhang, Renduo
Year published
2021
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Biochar application can influence soil nitrogen (N) cycle through biological and abiotic processes. However, studies on comprehensive examination of the effects of biochar application on microbially mediated N-cycling processes (N mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, and fixation) and soil N fate (i.e., plant N uptake, soil N2O emission, and N leaching) are warranted. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of biochar application on soil N transformation, microbial functional gene abundance, enzyme activity, and plant N uptake. To achieve the objective of this study, a meta-analysis involving ...
View more >Biochar application can influence soil nitrogen (N) cycle through biological and abiotic processes. However, studies on comprehensive examination of the effects of biochar application on microbially mediated N-cycling processes (N mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, and fixation) and soil N fate (i.e., plant N uptake, soil N2O emission, and N leaching) are warranted. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of biochar application on soil N transformation, microbial functional gene abundance, enzyme activity, and plant N uptake. To achieve the objective of this study, a meta-analysis involving 131 peer-reviewed field experiments was conducted. Results showed that field application of biochar significantly enhanced soil NH4+ and NO3− content, N mineralization, nitrification, N2 fixation, and plant N uptake by 5.3%, 3.7%, 15.3%, 48.5%, 14.7%, and 18.3%, respectively, but reduced N2O emissions and N leaching by 14.9% and 10.9%, respectively. Biochar application also increased the abundance of soil denitrifying/nitrifying genes (amoA, narG, nirS/nirK+S, and nosZ), proportion of N2 fixation bacteria, and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity by 18.6%–87.6%. Soil NO3− content was positively correlated with AOA-amoA abundance, and soil N2O emission was positively correlated with the relative abundance of genes (e.g., amoA, narG, and nirS/nirK) involved in N2O production. Furthermore, long-term biochar application tended to increase AOB-amoA and nirK+S abundance, especially soil N2O emission and N leaching. Overall, the findings of this study indicated that biochar application accelerated microbially mediated N-cycling processes under field conditions, thereby enhancing soil N availability and plant productivity. However, long-term biochar application may increase N losses. Therefore, future studies should be conducted to examine the effect of long-term biochar application on the soil N cycle and the underlying microbial mechanisms.
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View more >Biochar application can influence soil nitrogen (N) cycle through biological and abiotic processes. However, studies on comprehensive examination of the effects of biochar application on microbially mediated N-cycling processes (N mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, and fixation) and soil N fate (i.e., plant N uptake, soil N2O emission, and N leaching) are warranted. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of biochar application on soil N transformation, microbial functional gene abundance, enzyme activity, and plant N uptake. To achieve the objective of this study, a meta-analysis involving 131 peer-reviewed field experiments was conducted. Results showed that field application of biochar significantly enhanced soil NH4+ and NO3− content, N mineralization, nitrification, N2 fixation, and plant N uptake by 5.3%, 3.7%, 15.3%, 48.5%, 14.7%, and 18.3%, respectively, but reduced N2O emissions and N leaching by 14.9% and 10.9%, respectively. Biochar application also increased the abundance of soil denitrifying/nitrifying genes (amoA, narG, nirS/nirK+S, and nosZ), proportion of N2 fixation bacteria, and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity by 18.6%–87.6%. Soil NO3− content was positively correlated with AOA-amoA abundance, and soil N2O emission was positively correlated with the relative abundance of genes (e.g., amoA, narG, and nirS/nirK) involved in N2O production. Furthermore, long-term biochar application tended to increase AOB-amoA and nirK+S abundance, especially soil N2O emission and N leaching. Overall, the findings of this study indicated that biochar application accelerated microbially mediated N-cycling processes under field conditions, thereby enhancing soil N availability and plant productivity. However, long-term biochar application may increase N losses. Therefore, future studies should be conducted to examine the effect of long-term biochar application on the soil N cycle and the underlying microbial mechanisms.
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Journal Title
GCB Bioenergy
Copyright Statement
© 2021 The Authors. GCB Bioenergy Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Note
This publication has been entered in Griffith Research Online as an advanced online version.
Subject
Soil sciences
Ecological applications
Microbiology