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dc.contributor.authorMiller, V
dc.contributor.authorReedy, J
dc.contributor.authorCudhea, F
dc.contributor.authorZhang, J
dc.contributor.authorShi, P
dc.contributor.authorErndt-Marino, J
dc.contributor.authorCoates, J
dc.contributor.authorMicha, R
dc.contributor.authorWebb, P
dc.contributor.authorMozaffarian, D
dc.contributor.authorAbbott, P
dc.contributor.authorAbdollahi, M
dc.contributor.authorAbedi, P
dc.contributor.authorAbumweis, S
dc.contributor.authorVeerman, Lennert
dc.contributor.authoret al.
dc.date.accessioned2022-03-29T02:55:57Z
dc.date.available2022-03-29T02:55:57Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.identifier.issn2542-5196
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00352-1
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10072/413628
dc.description.abstractBackground: Diet is a major modifiable risk factor for human health and overall consumption patterns affect planetary health. We aimed to quantify global, regional, and national consumption levels of animal-source foods (ASF) to inform intervention, surveillance, and policy priorities. Methods: Individual-level dietary surveys across 185 countries conducted between 1990 and 2018 were identified, obtained, standardised, and assessed among children and adults, jointly stratified by age, sex, education level, and rural versus urban residence. We included 499 discrete surveys (91·2% nationally or subnationally representative) with data for ASF (unprocessed red meat, processed meat, eggs, seafood, milk, cheese, and yoghurt), comprising 3·8 million individuals from 134 countries representing 95·2% of the world population in 2018. We used Bayesian hierarchical models to account for differences in survey methods and representativeness, time trends, and input data and modelling uncertainty, with five-fold cross-validation. Findings: In 2018, mean global intake per person of unprocessed red meat was 51 g/day (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 48–54; region-specific range 7–114 g/day); 17 countries (23·9% of the world's population) had mean intakes of at least one serving (100 g) per day. Global mean intake of processed meat was 17 g/day (95% UI 15–21 g/day; region-specific range 3–54 g/day); seafood, 28 g/day (27–30 g/day; 12–44 g/day); eggs, 21 g/day (18–24 g/day; 6–35 g/day); milk 88 g/day (84–93 g/day; 45–185 g/day); cheese, 8 g/day (8–10 g/day; 1–34 g/day); and yoghurt, 20 g/day (17–23 g/day; 7–84 g/day). Mean national intakes were at least one serving per day for processed meat (≥50 g/day) in countries representing 6·9% of the global population; for cheese (≥42 g/day) in 2·3%; for eggs (≥55 g/day) in 0·7%; for milk (≥245 g/day) in 0·3%; for seafood (≥100 g/day) in 0·8%; and for yoghurt (≥245 g/day) in less than 0·1%. Among the 25 most populous countries in 2018, total ASF intake was highest in Russia (5·8 servings per day), Germany (3·8 servings per day), and the UK (3·7 servings per day), and lowest in Tanzania (0·9 servings per day) and India (0·7 servings per day). Global and regional intakes of ASF were generally similar by sex. Compared with children, adults generally consumed more unprocessed red meat, seafood and cheese, and less milk; energy-adjusted intakes of other ASF were more similar. Globally, ASF intakes (servings per week) were higher among more-educated versus less-educated adults, with greatest global differences for milk (0·79), eggs (0·47), unprocessed red meat (0·42), cheese (0·28), seafood (0·28), yoghurt (0·22), and processed meat (0·21). This was also true for urban compared to rural areas, with largest global differences (servings per week) for unprocessed red meat (0·47), milk (0·38), and eggs (0·20). Between 1990 and 2018, global intakes (servings per week) increased for unprocessed red meat (1·20), eggs (1·18), milk (0·63), processed meat (0·50), seafood (0·44), and cheese (0·14). Interpretation: Our estimates of ASF consumption identify populations with both lower and higher than optimal intakes. These estimates can inform the targeting of intervention, surveillance, and policy priorities relevant to both human and planetary health. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and American Heart Association.
dc.description.peerreviewedYes
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherElsevier BV
dc.relation.ispartofpagefrome243
dc.relation.ispartofpagetoe256
dc.relation.ispartofissue3
dc.relation.ispartofjournalThe Lancet Planetary Health
dc.relation.ispartofvolume6
dc.subject.fieldofresearchPublic health nutrition
dc.subject.fieldofresearchNutrition and dietetics
dc.subject.fieldofresearchSociology
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode321005
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode3210
dc.subject.fieldofresearchcode4410
dc.titleGlobal, regional, and national consumption of animal-source foods between 1990 and 2018: findings from the Global Dietary Database
dc.typeJournal article
dc.type.descriptionC1 - Articles
dcterms.bibliographicCitationMiller, V; Reedy, J; Cudhea, F; Zhang, J; Shi, P; Erndt-Marino, J; Coates, J; Micha, R; Webb, P; Mozaffarian, D; Abbott, P; Abdollahi, M; Abedi, P; Abumweis, S; Veerman, L; et al., Global, regional, and national consumption of animal-source foods between 1990 and 2018: findings from the Global Dietary Database, The Lancet Planetary Health, 2022, 6 (3), pp. e243-e256
dcterms.dateAccepted2021-12-08
dcterms.licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.date.updated2022-03-24T07:42:28Z
dc.description.versionVersion of Record (VoR)
gro.rights.copyright© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
gro.hasfulltextFull Text
gro.griffith.authorVeerman, Lennert L.


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