Focusing on how strong and sustainable cultures can advance Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 1 “No Poverty,” this chapter explores the relationship of poverty to culture and cultural sustainability. Poverty can inhibit the capacity of individuals and communities to engage with culture and cultural practices, and can adversely affect the vitality and sustainability of those practices over time. On the other hand, vibrant and sustainable cultures can play a distinctive human-centered role in helping eliminate poverty in its various dimensions, including by enhancing the well-being, freedoms, capabilities, and capacities of individuals and societies. This chapter principally refers to intangible expressions of culture, as these are particularly closely connected with the lives and livelihoods of artists and culture-bearers and their communities. This chapter begins with an overview of common conceptualizations of poverty, culture, and cultural sustainability, then outlines and reflects on the relationship of culture to the SDGs and the UN’s Sustainable Development Agenda. It then surveys existing understandings of the relationship of poverty to culture and cultural sustainability, grouping the literature into three broad and nonmutually exclusive categories: theoretical studies, geographically or culturally bounded studies, and grey literature. The final two sections of the chapter explore in more depth two specific, particularly salient aspects of the relationships between poverty, culture, and cultural sustainability. The first of these is the most adverse effects of poverty on the strength and sustainability of cultural expressions – that is, how poverty may inhibit cultural vitality and sustainability. The second aspect is the significant positive potential of strong and sustainable cultural expressions for advancing SDG 1 “No Poverty” – that is, how strong and sustainable cultures may help alleviate poverty.