Science education has a role in developing thinking skills and approaches to reasoning and evidence on the part of students who will be citizens of the future. These skills include tolerance for, and the ability to function within, environments characterised by complexity and ambiguity. Science education can also help to develop a more global vision of citizenship. Many of the challenges facing citizens have a scientific dimension, and efforts to address these challenges have a long history in science education. This chapter outlines issues and approaches and some preliminary results, and suggests some future directions for teaching and research.