All-inorganic perovskites are rapidly emerging as novel optoelectronic functional materials owing to their fluorescence properties. However, the stability of these materials has always been the biggest challenge for their applications in photoelectric devices. Therefore, this study focuses on developing phosphor-aluminosilicate-based CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, and I) glass with a low reaction temperature by adding CsCO3, PbX2, and NaX to the raw materials in order to improve the stabilities. The glass network intermediates of SiO2 and Al2O3 doping in the raw material enhanced the stability of the pure phosphate glass network structure and devitrification while decreasing the melting temperature. Full chromatographic CsPbX3 quantum dots (QDs) encapsulated in phosphate-based glass were found to increase the fluorescence properties and quantum efficiency (>59%). Notably, the high water stability of CsPbX3 QDs glasses, with the maintenance of 90% luminous intensity, emerged when soaked in water. In addition, the excellent thermal stability and anti-ion exchange properties of the CsPbX3 QDs glasses were revealed. Benefiting from the above, multicolor light-emitting diode (LED) devices were assembled with a mixture of phosphors of CsPbX3 QDs glasses and commercial red-emission K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphor spread on an InGaN chip, demonstrating bright light with superior luminous properties. Phosphor-aluminosilicate-based CsPbX3 QDs glass with high stability and low formation temperature would provide new methods for applications in lighting and displays.