Mangoes are grown in over 100 countries throughout the tropical and subtropical world with a total production of over 42×106 t of fruit sold in both local and export markets. In tropical regions, mangos are typically large, vigorous, low yielding trees with very low production and harvest efficiencies. In Queensland, Australia, a collaborative research project between the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, the University of Queensland and Hort Innovation Australia has been developing high density, intensive production orchard systems in tropical and subtropical tree fruits. The project is investigating and documenting the relationships between the key drivers of productivity orchards. In mango, the aim of this research is to radically redesign orchard systems, increasing their production efficiency and profitability. Experimental intensification using higher planting densities and single leader training of canopies has led to early gains in productivity (~47 t ha‑1 in year 4). This paper outlines some of the key relationships that are underpinning these early productivity gains in areas such as tree architecture and canopy volume, canopy training, canopy light interception and light distribution.