Non-Western users of airpower are moving beyond the paradigms established last century. Peter Layton examines the application of coercive airpower by China, Iran, Hamas, the Houthis and Russia. These disparate cases share three characteristics: diversity in the actors employing airpower; dissimilarity in the varied technology being used; and disruptiveness to traditional, well-established ideas about airpower. These characteristics are useful for discussing the broad implications of the emerging non-Western style of air operations.