This paper presents a systematic review of research using EEG, fMRI, fNIRS, and eye-tracking to examine how these methods have been employed in urban studies under the umbrella term ‘neuro-urbanism’. The goal of neuroscientific urban research is to explore neural mechanisms that underlie cognitive and emotional processes evoked by exposure to public spaces. A systematic review of 56 articles that satisfied the eligibility criteria suggest that while existing research provides valuable and empirically gathered knowledge regarding the emotional and cognitive states of participants, informing evidence-based approaches in urban design and planning, the majority of neuro-urbanism research (1) lacks a focus on urban designers’ thinking process, (2) has limited variety of the types of urban spaces examined, and revolves around broad concepts without delving into specific urban features that impact individuals’ experiences, and (3) is prone to have a bias towards natural environments. Advocating for a new research agenda that highlights the potential of neuroscientific methods to explore various qualities of public spaces and their influence on human well-being, the article discusses the untapped potential of these methods in enhancing our understanding of design thinking, decision-making, and creativity while engaging in urban design and planning – areas that have remained largely unexplored.