Structural Basis of Nanobodies Targeting the Prototype Norovirus
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Kilic, T
Devant, J
Koromyslova, A
Ringel, A
Hempelmann, A
Geiss, C
Graf, J
Haas, M
Roggenbach, I
Hansman, G
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Abstract
Human norovirus infections are a major disease burden. In this study, we analyzed three new norovirus-specific Nanobodies that interacted with the prototype human norovirus (i.e., GI.1). We showed that the Nanobodies bound on the side (Nano-7 and Nano-62) and top (Nano-94) of the capsid-protruding (P) domain using X-ray crystallography. Nano-7 and Nano-62 bound at a similar region on the P domain, but the orientation of these two Nanobodies clashed with the shell (S) domain and neighboring P domains on intact particles. This finding suggested that the P domains on the particles should shift in order for Nano-7 and Nano-62 to bind to intact particles. Interestingly, both Nano-7 and Nano-94 were capable of blocking norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) from binding to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which are important co-factors for norovirus infection. Previously, we showed that the GI.1 HBGA pocket could be blocked with the soluble human milk oligosaccharide 2-fucosyllactose (2'FL). In this current study, we showed that a combined treatment of Nano-7 or Nano-94 with 2'FL enhanced the blocking potential with an additive (Nano-7) or synergistic effect (Nano-94). We also found that GII Nanobodies with 2'FL also enhanced the inhibition. The Nanobody inhibition likely occurred by different mechanisms, including particle aggregation or particle disassembly, whereas the 2'FL blocked the HBGA binding site. Overall, these new data showed that the positive effect of the addition of 2'FL was not limited to a single mode of action of Nanobodies or to a single norovirus genogroup.IMPORTANCE The discovery of vulnerable regions on norovirus particles is instrumental in the development of effective inhibitors, particularly for GI noroviruses that are genetically diverse. Analysis of these GI.1-specific Nanobodies has shown that similar to GII norovirus particles, the GI particles have vulnerable regions. The only known co-factor region, the HBGA binding pocket, represents the main target for inhibition. With a combination treatment, i.e., addition of Nano-7 or Nano-94 with 2'FL, the effect of inhibition was increased. Therefore combination drug treatments might offer a better approach to combat norovirus infections, especially since the GI genotypes are highly diverse, are continually changing the capsid landscape, and few conserved epitopes have so far been identified.
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Journal of Virology
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93
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6
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© 2019 Ruoff et al. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, providing that the work is properly cited.
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Biological sciences
Health sciences
Agricultural, veterinary and food sciences
Science & Technology
Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Virology
X-ray crystallography
norovirus
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Ruoff, K; Kilic, T; Devant, J; Koromyslova, A; Ringel, A; Hempelmann, A; Geiss, C; Graf, J; Haas, M; Roggenbach, I; Hansman, G, Structural Basis of Nanobodies Targeting the Prototype Norovirus, Journal of Virology, 2019, 93 (6)