In this Report, we seek to equip the Department of Defence with unique high quality research informing the development of Australia’s defence policy and strategy regarding (1) what roles could volunteer cyber forces fulfil for Australia, (2) how such volunteer cyber forces might be structured, (3) what are the risks involved in Australia establishing volunteer cyber forces, (4) what are the legal constraints and considerations involved, and (5) what can Australia learn from measures taken in this context by States leading the way in the adoption of volunteer cyber forces? Specifically, the Report draws upon the valuable experiences of Estonia, Finland, Sweden, Taiwan, Ukraine, and the United States.