This publication reports on two distinct but closely aligned research projects designed to map health workforce competencies and to develop taxonomy for competency-based standards in health, and to explore evidence-based options for competency-based health career frameworks in Australia. The report is informed by a literature review and by semi-structured interviews with key informants from the health sector. Along with other National Health Workforce Planning and Research Collaboration projects, the outcomes are fundamental pieces of work to inform the development of future workforce innovation and reform initiatives.