This chapter reviews significant biotechnology advances towards improving the resilience of food production systems to major climate impacts. It discusses specific examples of the gains already made or yet to be proven under climates more extreme than those in which crops were domesticated within the last 12000 years. The chapter highlights examples in both temperate and tropical crops where biotechnology enables a step-change in food production and availability under changed climates. Drought tolerance in cereals can be divided into mechanisms that are physiologically or biochemically-derived. Many salt-tolerant rice varieties have been developed worldwide through conventional breeding, molecular-assisted selection and genetic transformation approaches. Similar to other crops, the response to salt stress in rice is often dependent on the developmental stage and other factors. A number of salt-tolerant rice varieties have been developed through conventional and marker-assisted breeding with limitations related to growing region, climatic condition or soil texture.