This thesis investigates the traditions that influence Pope Francis' international diplomacy and how these shape his conduct of the Vatican's relations with China, Russia, and the United States. It argues that chief among these is the Jesuit tradition, aspects of the Peronist tradition and the tradition of the Church's Second Vatican Council. These have helped generated a process-orientated pope who emphasises inter-civilisational encounter underpinned by progressive and unhurried dialogue. This is important because Francis is head of an absolutist religious institution but overtly seeks to transcend this in diplomacy. This thesis investigates how he does this and what traditions and influences equip him to do so. Following a review of sources and methods, the thesis firstly examines the historical evolution of papal diplomacy with the aim of contextualising Francis. Secondly, Francis' worldview is considered through the prism of his Latin-American, and more specifically, Argentinian background where the Peronist tradition was potent during his formative years. Thirdly, the thesis explores Ignatian traditions for discernment in decision-making and its process-orientated method for action emanating from a focus upon pragmatism. Fourthly, the thesis directs attention to the Second Vatican Council and its profound effect upon Francis' thought. Finally, three case studies of Francis' diplomacy are examined. The conclusion of this thesis is that Pope Francis' diplomatic style is positioned firmly within the Jesuit tradition, and within the tradition and spirit of the Second Vatican Council. In addition, the Latin American theological tradition, in conjunction with the thought of Romano Guardini, and some aspects of the Peronist tradition all contribute to how Francis perceives and interacts in his diplomacy. Francis draws upon these traditions as he seeks new frontiers for his Church in the religious and temporal world. He is long-term and process-orientated in his commitment to multipolarity. Pope Francis values dialogue and encounter diplomacy above other forms. However, as the case studies in this thesis show, the results of Francis' diplomacy are mixed and at times the pope's moral credibility bears a high degree of risk.