This chapter provides an overview of transportation planning in Australia and considers the role of transport in environmental planning. It begins with a short history of transport in Australia over the past century followed by a look at how future transport needs are determined and how to best manage traffic congestion. Next, the twin challenges of energy and the environment are discussed. Because most vehicles in Australia use fossil fuels, energy choice is intimately related to environmental impacts. Next the chapter deals with implementation – having strategies to manage transport problems is important, but ultimately strategies need to be implementable. Finally, the chapter closes with conclusions about future challenges that face Australian transport planners.