Methodological consensus on clinical proton MRS of the brain: Review and recommendations
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Andronesi, Ovidiu
Barker, Peter B
Bartha, Robert
Bizzi, Alberto
Bolan, Patrick J
Brindle, Kevin M
Choi, In-Young
Cudalbu, Cristina
Dydak, Ulrike
Emir, Uzay E
Gonzalez, Ramon G
Gruber, Stephan
Gruetter, Rolf
Mountford, Carolyn E.
et al.
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Abstract
Proton MRS (1 H MRS) provides noninvasive, quantitative metabolite profiles of tissue and has been shown to aid the clinical management of several brain diseases. Although most modern clinical MR scanners support MRS capabilities, routine use is largely restricted to specialized centers with good access to MR research support. Widespread adoption has been slow for several reasons, and technical challenges toward obtaining reliable good-quality results have been identified as a contributing factor. Considerable progress has been made by the research community to address many of these challenges, and in this paper a consensus is presented on deficiencies in widely available MRS methodology and validated improvements that are currently in routine use at several clinical research institutions. In particular, the localization error for the PRESS localization sequence was found to be unacceptably high at 3 T, and use of the semi-adiabatic localization by adiabatic selective refocusing sequence is a recommended solution. Incorporation of simulated metabolite basis sets into analysis routines is recommended for reliably capturing the full spectral detail available from short TE acquisitions. In addition, the importance of achieving a highly homogenous static magnetic field (B0 ) in the acquisition region is emphasized, and the limitations of current methods and hardware are discussed. Most recommendations require only software improvements, greatly enhancing the capabilities of clinical MRS on existing hardware. Implementation of these recommendations should strengthen current clinical applications and advance progress toward developing and validating new MRS biomarkers for clinical use.
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Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
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82
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2
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© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Methodological consensus on clinical proton MRS of the brain: Review and recommendations, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 82 (2), pp. 527-550, 2019, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.27742. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. This article may not be enhanced, enriched or otherwise transformed into a derivative work, without express permission from Wiley or by statutory rights under applicable legislation. Copyright notices must not be removed, obscured or modified. The article must be linked to Wiley’s version of record on Wiley Online Library and any embedding, framing or otherwise making available the article or pages thereof by third parties from platforms, services and websites other than Wiley Online Library must be prohibited.
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Biomedical engineering
Science & Technology
Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
brain
consensus
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Wilson, M; Andronesi, O; Barker, PB; Bartha, R; Bizzi, A; Bolan, PJ; Brindle, KM; Choi, I-Y; Cudalbu, C; Dydak, U; Emir, UE; Gonzalez, RG; Gruber, S; Gruetter, R; Gupta, RK; Heerschap, A; Henning, A; Hetherington, HP; Huppi, PS; Hurd, RE; Kantarci, K; Kauppinen, RA; Klomp, DWJ; Kreis, R; Kruiskamp, MJ; Leach, MO; Lin, AP; Luijten, PR; Marjanska, M; Maudsley, AA; Meyerhoff, DJ; Mountford, CE; Mullins, PG; Murdoch, JB; Nelson, SJ; Noeske, R; Oz, G; Pan, JW; Peet, AC; Poptani, H; Posse, S; Ratai, E-M; Salibi, N; Scheenen, TWJ; Smith, ICP; Soher, BJ; Tkac, I; Vigneron, DB; Howe, FA, Methodological consensus on clinical proton MRS of the brain: Review and recommendations, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2019, 82 (2), pp. 527-550