Regularisation in Direct FE² multiscale modelling of fused-filament fabricated parts
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Hall, Wayne
Feih, Stefanie
Javanbakht, Zia
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This study investigated regularisation methods in Direct FE2 failure analysis of fused-filament fabricated (FFF) parts modelled as fibre-reinforced composites. Direct FE2 technique offers simplicity with moderate computational cost by incorporating microstructural variations of FFF parts into macroscopic constitutive behaviour. However, similar to conventional FE2 methods, loss of positive-definiteness in tangent stiffness matrix occurs at structural level because of the material-level strain localisation and softening behaviour. Further numerical complexity is added when element deletion technique (EDT) is employed; an aspect which remains unexplored for Direct FE2 . To address these issues, three regularisation methods (fracture energy, viscous, and combined schemes) were implemented in Direct FE2 analyses with EDT and their performance was evaluated in predicting the stiffness, strength, and deformation modes of poly(lactic) acid FFF parts with varying ductility. The results of Direct FE2 numerical analyses were compared to regular FE predictions and experimental tensile samples manufactured with different raster angles. It was found that unregularised Direct FE2 simulations suffered from convergence issues and the effectiveness of the regularisation method depended on material ductility, i.e., while some regularisation schemes could alleviate instabilities, others made an unrealistic prediction of failure mechanism. The combined regularisation approach was most effective in predicting ductile (0◦ ) and moderately-ductile (mixed-mode, 45◦ ) behaviour whereas fracture energy approach was best-suited for brittle failures (90◦ ). The viscous regularisation tended to initiate EDT prematurely while combined regularisation provided more realistic depiction of microstructural deterioration.
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Composite Structures
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366
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© 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
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Materials engineering
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Dhari, RS; Hall, W; Feih, S; Javanbakht, Z, Regularisation in Direct FE² multiscale modelling of fused-filament fabricated parts, Composite Structures, 2025, 366, pp. 119180