The nervous system is the most unique system of the human body in more than one way. The excitable tissue that forms the nervous system generates and transmits electrical impulses that are responsible for command and control of the entire body and its physiological processes. Above all, the nervous system differs from the rest of the body in the way it responds to injury. Unlike the rest of the body, injuries to the nervous system do not heal well and lost functions are rarely recovered. The aftermath of injury and scarring is also quite unusual with the nervous system injuries, making repair and regeneration process more complex. Current clinical approaches are primarily focused on damage control rather than regeneration or functional restoration following any such injuries. However, several innovative approaches are being explored in discovery biology, pre-clinical and clinical settings. Among these, interdisciplinary approaches integrating neurobiology, material sciences, electrophysiology, computer interfaces and advanced robotics all come together to repair and restore the injured nervous system, and thereby redefine our understanding and concepts of regenerative medicine. In this chapter, we will briefly visit the structural and functional organisation of the nervous system into central and peripheral systems, discuss the nature and pathophysiology of the nervous injuries to understand why they are so different from the rest of the body, and explore the regenerative approaches in depth. We will also discuss, in brief, the role of translational gap between the approaches being explored and the clinical practice to better explain the practical challenges in the field of neuro-regeneration.