CD96 Is an Immune Checkpoint That Regulates CD8+ T-cell Antitumor Function

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Author(s)
Mittal, Deepak
Lepletier, Ailin
Madore, Jason
Aguilera, Amelia Roman
Stannard, Kimberley
Blake, Stephen J
Whitehall, Vicki LJ
Liu, Cheng
Bettington, Mark L
Takeda, Kazuyoshi
Long, Georgina V
Scolyer, Richard A
Lan, Ruth
Siemers, Nathan
Korman, Alan
Teng, Michele WL
Johnston, Robert J
Dougall, William C
Smyth, Mark J
Griffith University Author(s)
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2019
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Abstract

CD96 is a novel target for cancer immunotherapy shown to regulate NK cell effector function and metastasis. Here, we demonstrated that blocking CD96 suppressed primary tumor growth in a number of experimental mouse tumor models in a CD8+ T cell–dependent manner. DNAM-1/CD226, Batf3, IL12p35, and IFNγ were also critical, and CD96-deficient CD8+ T cells promoted greater tumor control than CD96-sufficient CD8+ T cells. The antitumor activity of anti-CD96 therapy was independent of Fc-mediated effector function and was more effective in dual combination with blockade of a number of immune checkpoints, including PD-1, PD-L1, TIGIT, and CTLA-4. We consistently observed coexpression of PD-1 with CD96 on CD8+ T lymphocytes in tumor-infiltrating leukocytes both in mouse and human cancers using mRNA analysis, flow cytometry, and multiplex IHF. The combination of anti-CD96 with anti–PD-1 increased the percentage of IFNγ-expressing CD8+ T lymphocytes. Addition of anti-CD96 to anti–PD-1 and anti-TIGIT resulted in superior antitumor responses, regardless of the ability of the anti-TIGIT isotype to engage FcR. The optimal triple combination was also dependent upon CD8+ T cells and IFNγ. Overall, these data demonstrate that CD96 is an immune checkpoint on CD8+ T cells and that blocking CD96 in combination with other immune-checkpoint inhibitors is a strategy to enhance T-cell activity and suppress tumor growth.

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Cancer Immunology Research

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7

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4

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© 2019 AACR. This is the author-manuscript version of the paper. Reproduced in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher. Please refer to the journal link for access to the definitive, published version.

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Biological sciences

Clinical sciences

Immunology

Oncology and carcinogenesis

Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences

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Mittal, D; Lepletier, A; Madore, J; Aguilera, AR; Stannard, K; Blake, SJ; Whitehall, VLJ; Liu, C; Bettington, ML; Takeda, K; Long, GV; Scolyer, RA; Lan, R; Siemers, N; Korman, A; Teng, MWL; Johnston, RJ; Dougall, WC; Smyth, MJ, CD96 Is an Immune Checkpoint That Regulates CD8+ T-cell Antitumor Function, Cancer Immunology Research, 2019, 7 (4), pp. 559-571

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