The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends 3 days of oral amoxicillin (80 mg per kilogram of body weight per day) in children younger than 5 years of age who have fast-breathing pneumonia (cough lasting <14 days or difficulty breathing, along with fast breathing for age) and are living in areas with a low prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus.1 If retractions of the chest wall are present, 5 days of amoxicillin are recommended. In children with severe clinical pneumonia and danger signs (e.g., dehydration or reduced level of consciousness), 5 days of intravenous antibiotic agents are recommended. In this issue of the Journal, two well-performed randomized, controlled trials challenge these recommendations in young children with nonsevere pneumonia: a trial by Jehan et al. conducted in Pakistan (RETAPP, Randomized Trial of Amoxicillin versus Placebo for [Fast Breathing] Pneumonia)2 and a trial by Ginsburg et al. conducted in Malawi.3 Both trials had a noninferiority design and were performed in lowincome communities in which pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years of age.