Moth assemblages have been widely used to examine patterns of beta-diversity in forest ecosystems. This thesis aims to expand and test the generality of results obtained as part of the IBISCA-Queensland Project (Investigating Biodiversity of Soil and Canopy Arthropods-Qld) which examined patterns of diversity in a large sub-set of night-flying moths along an altitudinal gradient in subtropical rainforest. The permanent IBISCA-Qld transect, located in Lamington National Park (NP), in south-east Queensland, Australia, spans altitudes from 300 to 1100 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.) within continuous rainforest. Along this transect, moth assemblages showed strong altitudinal stratification. A number of species were restricted to the Nothofagus moorei dominated cloud forest around 1100m a.s.l., and may be the most threatened by climatic change. The IBISCA-Qld Project produced a set of moth species that could be included within a predictor set of taxa that may be useful for future monitoring of the impact of global warming on forest biodiversity. The IBISCA-Qld study was predicated on the idea that a range of adjacent climates along a single altitudinal gradient can be taken as a surrogate for larger scale climatic changes which occur along latitudinal gradients. This thesis expands on the IBISCA-Qld Project by establishing a latitudinal network of analogous altitudinal transects, in Australia and south-west China (tropical, subtropical and sub-alpine temperate forests), allowing inter-continental comparisons on the generality of altitudinal patterns of diversity.