The challenges faced by Aboriginal groups and other interested parties in protecting cultural heritage sites in the current Australian economic and legislative context are discussed. While the focus is primarily on Queensland, many of the issues raised here are applicable in other parts of Australia and in other countries, although, of course, there are varying legislations in force in the different regions. The analysis in this article is based not only on research into the various pieces of applicable legislation and programs currently available but also on multiple discussions with various Traditional Owners in Queensland and across northern Australia. Throughout many years working with a variety of groups of Aboriginal people, some central themes have emerged concerning the obstacles facing communities in terms of cultural heritage protection. Aboriginal groups in Australia confront issues concerning gaps in the cultural heritage protection legislation, increasingly diminished funding support and limited access to appropriate training and professional advice. These concerns cross state boundaries, and Indigenous communities in Australia face similar impediments and pressures regardless of their location. Many of these barriers are also shared by Indigenous groups around the world. This article concludes with some recommendations, both immediate and long-term, for supporting Aboriginal communities who wish to be proactive in protecting cultural heritage sites in Australia. These measures may also aid Indigenous communities elsewhere.