This chapter discusses some highlights of agriculture and rural development in the South Asian region. Cropping contributes more than 80 per cent of the value added to agriculture in South Asia, with rice and wheat accounting for more than three-quarters of the value added to cropping. Therefore, the increase in food grain production is the primary source of agricultural growth in the four countries studied. The food crop volume and productivity experienced high fluctuations during the last several decades. In all countries under consideration, the land under irrigation, land under cereal cultivation, and fertilizer use increased over this period. Sri Lankan agricultural production was adversely impacted by the ban on the import of agrochemicals in April 2021. This resulted in a reduction of major export goods and a notable growth in rice imports. The fertilizer ban was revoked in November 2021.