Intrusive Parenting and Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms: Three-level Meta-analytic Reviews Considering Parenting Concepts and Methodology

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Ryan, Katherine M
Zimmer-Gembeck, Melanie J
Hawes, Tanya
Kovacs, Taylor
Leahy, Nicola
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2026
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Abstract

Multilevel random effects meta-analyses were performed to produce a summary effect size from 231 studies (2000 to 2025) that contributed 482 effect estimates for intrusive parenting and youth’s (age 13–25) internalizing (N = 152,280) and 232 effect estimates for intrusive parenting and externalizing symptoms (N = 85,711). Intrusive parenting subtype (psychological control, overprotective, helicopter, autonomy support-reversed), youth symptom subtype, parent gender, respondent, child age, and study region were examined as moderators. Intrusive parenting was associated with higher symptoms, with a pooled effect size of r = 0.24 for parenting-internalizing and r = 0.22 for parenting-externalizing. I2 values indicated that a large proportion of variation in the effects across studies was not explained by chance (internalizing I2 = 89.3%; externalizing I2 = 91.8%). Subtypes of intrusive parenting, parent gender, and respondent moderated the parenting-internalizing effect size, accounting for a small portion of this heterogeneity; studies of psychological control produced a stronger effect than studies of helicopter parenting and autonomy support-reverse. Parent gender revealed a smaller effect for fathers than mixed gender (mothers in-between), and there was a larger effect for studies using child report than multiple reporters. For the parenting-externalizing relationship, studies of delinquency and antisocial behavior produced smaller effects than aggression and externalizing, and the parenting-externalizing association was weaker among youth aged 19 + and stronger for child report. Region of the world was not a significant moderator. Even after considering all moderators, large proportions of effect size heterogeneity were not accounted for by chance. When working with parents and youth, intrusive parenting should be considered as one partial indicator of elevated symptoms among youth.

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Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

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DP220101087

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© The Author(s) 2026. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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This publication has been entered in Griffith Research Online as an advance online version.

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Applied and developmental psychology

Clinical and health psychology

Social and personality psychology

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Ryan, KM; Zimmer-Gembeck, MJ; Hawes, T; Kovacs, T; Leahy, N, Intrusive Parenting and Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms: Three-level Meta-analytic Reviews Considering Parenting Concepts and Methodology, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2026

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