The aviation industry faces a major push for a technology transformation to electric propulsion systems as current worldwide environmental requirements demand a shift from fossil fuels to sustainable energy. To achieve this, improved airframe and propulsion systems must be developed, while keeping the strict regulations and standards of the aviation safety authorities in mind. This paper focusses on the introduction of traction batteries and electric motors in the general and civil aviation industry by assessing the potential of proven airframe designs as well as unconventional concepts for electric aircraft. First, hybrid and all-electric propulsion system concepts are examined by evaluating the feasibility and integration challenges based on a comparative analysis of existing electric aircraft which provide insights into current industry practices. Also, general principles of aircraft design are explored, which can be tailored to electric propulsion systems, highlighting key structural modifications required for optimized performance. In this study, the impact of suitable State-of-the-Art as well as future battery and motor performances on the range, mass and aircraft structure are investigated. For this approach, two aircraft of different sizes and use are taken into consideration. The Cessna 172S for recreational purposes and the ATR72–600 for regional passenger transport. The findings of the investigation and calculations offer a holistic perspective on the design as well as operational considerations necessary for advancing electric aircraft. Thus, this paper provides a comprehensive current picture of the transition to sustainable aviation solutions and a guide for future innovations.