Blood products are a valuable resource, derived from altruistic donations. They undergo high-cost screening and modification to decrease the risk of transfusion-transmitted infection. Although blood products have achieved a high level of safety, significant risks associated with transfusion remain. To avoid unnecessary transfusions, patient blood management involves optimising red cell mass, minimising blood loss, and optimising physiological tolerance of anaemia. A circumspect approach to prescribing blood products is recommended. Regular patient assessment in conjunction with judicious laboratory testing are the primary considerations in the decision to transfuse. Evidence-based guidelines for the appropriate use of blood products have been released by the National Blood Authority.