This chapter summarizes the three main predictors of endurance exercise performance (peak oxygen uptake, intensity domain thresholds, and exercise economy), their interaction with varying female sex hormone profiles (menstrual cycle phase, hormonal contraception), and the limiting factors that might be influenced by female sex hormones. While the focus of the chapter is on key “physiological” predictors and limiting factors of endurance exercise performance, some of the psychological factors relevant to endurance exercise performance are also explored. The effect of female sex hormones on thermoregulation, muscle damage, substrate utilization, cerebral oxygenation, and body mass are briefly discussed in the context of endurance exercise performance, and the effect of female sex hormones on endurance-related adaptations to training completes the chapter. There is a deliberate omission of sex- and gender-related differences in endurance exercise performance in light of several exceptional reviews (e.g., Joyner, J Physiol 595:2949–2954, 2017). Not surprisingly, there is limited or unclear information about the effect of female sex hormones on several areas covered in this chapter. Therefore, it is likely that the effect of female sex hormones on the physiological and psychological factors affecting endurance exercise performance will remain an important area of research if we are to provide female athletes with the opportunity to reach their potential and optimize their endurance exercise performance.