This special issue of STOTEN is dedicated to presenting the results of the WWF-Australia “Rivers to Reef to Turtles” project, which focused on investigating pollutants in the environment, food and bodies of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). The project brought together organic and inorganic trace chemical analysis, bioanalytical tools and individual health monitoring to investigate potential causes of an unusual mortality event in 2012. Together, the ten studies in this special issue highlight the shortcomings of current chemical monitoring and impact assessment programmes, which are focused on a limited number of prioritised chemicals and fail to account for the incredible diversity of toxicants released by human activities. It is essential that future management efforts consider the impact of these contaminants on the GBR, already under threat from global warming and sediment and nutrient runoff. Understanding the impact that chemical contaminants have on turtles not only informs green turtle conservation but can also, as they are sensitive and long-lived bioindicators of environmental health, guide efforts to protect, conserve and restore marine ecosystems such as the GBR.