Background: An association between higher hospital-volume and better “quality of surgery” and long-term survival has not been reported following pancreatic cancer surgery in low resection-volume regions such as in Australia. Using a population-level study, we compare “quality of surgery” and two-year survival following pancreaticoduodenectomy between Australian hospitals grouped by resection-volume. Methods: Data on all patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for adenocarcinoma in the Australian state of Queensland, between 2001 and 2015, were obtained from the Queensland Oncology Repository. Hospitals were grouped into high (≥6 resections annually) and low (<6) volume centres. Following adjustment for case-mix, “quality-of-treatment” indicators were compared between hospital groups using multivariate logistic regression and Poisson regression analysis; and two-year cancer-specific and overall survival were compared using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Compared with high-volume centres, low-volume centres had worse two-year cancer-specific survival (Adjusted HR = 1.31; 95% CI:1.03–1.68), higher 30-day mortality (Adjusted IRR = 3.81; 95% CI: 1.36–10.62) and fewer patients received “high-quality surgery” (Adjusted OR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.33–0.90). Differences in 30-day mortality, or “quality-of-treatment” indicators did not entirely explain the observed survival difference between hospital-volume groups. Conclusion: In an Australian environment, a “high” hospital-volume was significantly associated with better quality surgery and two-year survival following pancreaticoduodenectomy.