Over the past several decades, various anthropogenic activities have resulted in degradation of spring water quality and quantity and their sensitive ecosystems. Numerous studies around the world have documented these detrimental impacts to springs and their associated aquifers due to habitat alteration, groundwater depletion, pollution (from agricultural fertilizers, wastewater disposal, mining, urbanization, and climate change. These impacts to springs have negatively affected human health and ecological systems, and the livelihood of people that depend on springs for their cultural, recreation, and aesthetic values. This volume has provided detailed examples of threatened springs in diverse hydrogeologic settings, relevant information on innovative methods for better understanding the hydrogeology of spring systems, and policy and governance approaches for protecting springs now and for the future. It is our hope that the information in this volume will help to stimulate practitioners, policy makers, scientists, and the public to work together to actively preserve and protect springs and restore impaired spring waters. An effective approach for protecting springs should include continuous monitoring of water quality and quantity; collaboration among scientists, stakeholders, and governmental agencies to develop effective local and regional springs protection strategies, and sufficient funding for current and future scientific research, especially regarding impacts from climate change.