Sulfite (SO32−) and bisulfite (HSO3−) have been widely used in food preservation to avoid oxidation and microbe growth and inhibit enzymatic reactions. Extensive intake of SO32−/HSO3− will cause allergic reactions and even tissue damages in some individuals. Therefore, developing responsive small-molecule probes for rapid, effective, and quantitative detection of SO32−/HSO3− in various foods has attracted increasing attentions in recent years. Based on different response mechanisms, such as nucleophilic addition with the electron deficit “Cdouble bondC” bonds, ketone or aldehyde groups, and inhibition of Cdouble bondN isomerization, a number of responsive small-molecule probes have been developed for food analysis. This review focuses on the progress in the development of responsive small-molecule probes for SO32−/HSO3− analysis in food samples. Their chemical structures, response mechanisms with SO32−/HSO3−, and performance for SO32−/HSO3− analysis in food samples are summarized and discussed. The future research directions for developing novel probes for SO32−/HSO3− analysis in food samples are proposed.