This study focuses on the ecological conservation and livelihood security of the Eurasian grassland ecosystems. These two aspects play critical roles in sustaining the ecosystem's long-term viability. These grasslands are not only integral to global ecological security but also provide unique ecosystem services crucial for the livelihoods of upstream, midstream, and downstream communities, which I categorize based on their location and interaction with the grassland ecosystem. However, varying degrees of grassland ecosystem degradation due to global climate change and human interventions pose a serious threat to the sustainable livelihoods of local communities and herders. To address this challenge, this study selected the Three Rivers Source Region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Inner Mongolia as research areas, utilizing a combination of remote sensing analysis, spatial econometrics, statistical yearbook data, and household surveys. In our analysis, we examine the sustainable livelihood and resilience of herders in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Inner Mongolia, focusing on the geographical variations in livelihood strategies and adaptation to environmental changes. Our analysis aimed to provide significant theoretical value and important support for realizing of sustainable development and management in the area. [...]