Adventure Tourism and Local Livelihoods
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Shakeela, Aishath
Guitart, Daniela
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Abstract
Whether fixed-site infrastructure or self-contained mobile tours contribute more to local livelihoods is contentious in both terrestrial and marine outdoor tourism sectors worldwide. Examples include: mobile hunting or photo safaris cf. game lodges in Africa; mobile tours cf. fixed hotels in large national parks worldwide; and mobile travesias cf. fixed luxury lodges in South America (Buckley, 2012; Explora, 2014). Comparing warm-water live-aboard charter boats with island resorts provides one test. Both can offer diving, sailing, surfing, fishing and sea-kayaking. Accessibility and luxury increase continually for both, to attract cash-rich, time-poor adventure aficionados and partners. There are examples in Fiji, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Solomons, and Tanzania (Buckley, 2002, 2006, 2010; O’Brien and Ponting, 2013; Ponting & O’Brien, 2013). Livelihoods include: cash earnings, through local employment; subsistence, affected by environmental impact; and social structures, affected by social impacts.
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Annals of Tourism Research
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48
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© 2014 Elsevier. This is the author-manuscript version of this paper. Reproduced in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher. Please refer to the journal's website for access to the definitive, published version.
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Commercial services
Marketing
Tourism
Impacts of tourism
Tourism management
Tourism marketing
Human geography