The concepts of human rights, social justice, and social determinants of health are inextricably intertwined with public health. Globally, attention is increasingly being paid to the connections between social determinants and the challenges of sustainability, well-being, and justice. Social factors and socioeconomic inequities are among the root causes of many public health problems. Yet, research in psychiatry over the past few decades has paid insufficient attention to their impact and focused its main attention on neuroscience research and biological models. Health authorities emphasized the need to develop algorithmic approaches for patient care, paying little attention to the social contexts of health care. In this article, we highlight the complementary relationship between human rights, social justice, social determinants, and public mental health. We argue that the promotion of the mental health of the population requires protection and promotion of economic and social rights and equitable access to resources and opportunities.