Global evidence clearly indicates that health-risk issues such as smoking, consumption of unhealthy food, physical inactivity, mental health problems, unintentional injury, unsafe sexual activity and alcohol and drug abuse are common in adolescents. In the long term, these health-risk issues relate to chronic disease, disability and premature death. An effective prevention strategy addressing the health risks among adolescents is important to improve the quality of life during adolescence and throughout adulthood, and school is an ideal setting to promote adolescents’ health. School-based health promotion has been developed as both a global and a country strategy to prevent health risks among adolescents. In Indonesia, a school-based health program has evolved since 1960, with collaboration between the National Health and Education Ministries, as the two key stakeholders. However the participating Indonesian schools are still struggling to conduct health promotion activities with their students and the local school community. This was highlighted by a preliminary study in this research which demonstrated that only one out of nine junior high schools had actively implemented the school-based health promotion program. In addition, national figures for major health-risk behaviours among adolescents in Indonesia continue to show a higher proportion of smoking, bullying and unintentional injury compared to other countries in Asia. Evidence relating to the needs and challenges of key stakeholders in Indonesia to effectively implement a school-based health promotion is required urgently to support the development of policy to improve such programs. This thesis aimed to examine the needs and challenges confronting both the health and education sectors in implementing the school-based health promotion program in Indonesia. The research findings will inform the stakeholders in developing strategies to better and more effectively implement school-based health promotion programs in Indonesia. This research used a variety of methods including:1) a comprehensive needs assessment;2) a case study approach in two schools in Depok and 3) a secondary data analysis of Depok school-based health survey data from Indonesian Ministry of Health. Data was gathered using in-depth interviews, observation and group discussion in several settings, including Indonesia (in Jakarta and Depok), Australia (in Queensland) and China (in Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Macao).