The Mekong River Basin is facing growing challenges in managing water resources, environmental protection and sustainable development whilst fostering rapid economic development within a region of riparian states. The need for cheap and renewable energy is rising, fostering the increase in hydropower development where logistically possible. This case study focuses on what role and impact civil society organizations play regarding water governance in the Mekong region, particularly in regard to hydropower projects. A particular focus is on the Mekong River Commission and its Procedures for Notification, Prior Consultation and Agreement focusing on the Xayaburi and Pak Lay dams.